The Judgment of Animals in Classical Greece: Animal Sculpture and ...

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Aristophanes’s intention to control the attention of his audience in regard to Carion remains strong. 233 This evidence notwithstanding, it is the preconceived supremacy of the human residents of Chremylus’s house over the dog that appears to have determined the way both these fictional characters and the audience they addressed related to the animal. Further evidence of the anthropocentric attitude that characterized the Classical Greek relationship between humans and the dog is seen in philosophical writings. In translation: S. B. Pomeroy, Xenophon. Oeconomicus. A Social and Historical Commentary (Oxford, 1994) 67. Bradley, “Animalizing the Slave” 110, maintains that this notion of assimilation is further sustained by the fact that one of the ancient Greek words for slaves was a)ndra&podon meaning a “man-footed thing” analogous to tetra&podon “four-footed thing.” For further discussion of these terms, see P. Cartledge, The Greeks: A Portrait of Self and Others (Oxford and New York, 1993; second ed., 2002) 151, who clarifies that a)ndra&podon appears to have been the technical term for those slaves acquired through capture in war. Additional evidence that slaves and animals were closely associated in Classical Greece derives from the epigraphic record. The inscriptions recording the sale of personal property confiscated from Alcibiades and those Athenians who were accused of mutilating the Herms and profaning the Eleusinian mysteries (415/4 B.C.) show that both slaves and animals were included in this property. For a discussion of the slaves sold, their names (e.g., Pistos) and their prices (e.g., 202 drachmai), see W. K. Pritchett, “The Attic Stelai, Part I,” Hesperia 22 (1953) 246; for the animals referred in these inscriptions, that is, oxen, goats, sheep, cows, and beehives, see W. K. Pritchett, “The Attic Stelai, Part II,” Hesperia 25 (1956) 255-261. The treatment of animals as property on the inscriptions recalls the similarity with the current status of animals within human society. Finally, for the ability to speak as the only criterion that differentiated slaves from animals in Classical Greece, see J. Heath, The Talking Greeks. Speech, Animals and the Other in Homer, Aeschylus, and Plato (Cambridge, 2005) 203, n. 113. For evidence that the same idea prevailed also in Roman society, see Gilhus, Animals, Gods and Humans 14. 233 As Small, “Time in Space” 565, maintains: “both the classical literary and visual examples can order their words and figures in a number of different ways to achieve particular effects.” That this may be Aristophanes’ intention is also supported by the fact that the reference to Carion at this point seems redundant, since Hermes has already referred to the servants of the house. For the exceptional abilities of Aristophanes to control and direct the attention of his audience, see N. W. Slater, “Making the Aristophanic Audience,” AJP 120 (1999) 351-368. Given the overall portrayal of Carion in the play as an unusually outspoken and proud slave, and the fact that in both ancient Greek art and language the center is the most important position, it may be suggested that, when placed in the center of an arrangement that is bordered by a dog and a pig, Carion is associated, but not demoted to the level of these animals. On the contrary, he is distinguished from them, who are presented here as the ends next in importance to the center. Within this context, Carion’s position can be also seen as a trick that Aristophanes employs in order to store in his audience’s mind the non-stereotypical behavior of this slave. For the perception of order and physical context as mnemonic devices, see J. P. Small, Wax Tablets of the Mind. Cognitive Studies of Memory and Literacy in Classical Antiquity (London and New York, 1997) esp. 84-85 and 227-230. For the exceptional character of Carion, see Olson, “Cario and the New World” 193-199. For a discussion of the importance of the center in ancient Greek art and language, see Small, “Time in Space” 564-565, where references are made to specific artistic examples, such as the Parthenon frieze, and also to the importance of the fact that Greek is an inflected language, a characteristic that allows the order of words to reflect the importance of each word. 156
Aristotle’s Politics, so pervasive is this attitude that the breeding cycle of the animal is perceived as being affected by its living together with humans: Human beings pair and breed at any and every season, and so also do many domesticated (sunanqrwpeuo&mena) animals owing to the shelter and the plentiful food they get by their association with man: I refer to those whose gestation periods are short, such as the sow and the bitch, and those birds which raise several broods. (HA 542a) [61] Aristotle confirms that the dog and the pig, as was the case with those in the house of Chremylus, shared the same space with humans. This proximity is attested not only by the provisions of food and shelter that the author attaches to the animals, but also by his reference to them as “sunanqrwpeuo&mena,” which has been translated as “domesticated,” but its precise meaning is that of “symbiotic with humans.” That Aristotle perceives this symbiosis as a shaping force in the breeding cycle of the dog is significant, for it suggests two ideas of his about the animal: that it had adopted a biological response to the human environment in which it lived, and that it was inferior to humans because it had succumbed to their environment. When reversed, this evidence suggests that an anthropocentric attitude pervaded Aristotle’s view of the relationship between humans and the dog. Put simply, even though the dog shared the same space with humans, its conception within Classical Greek society was shaped by deep-seated convictions about human dominion over animals. 157
Page 1 and 2:
The Judgment of Animals in Classica
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the meaning of the term zw|~on—us
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Table of Contents Acknowledgments .
Page 7 and 8:
Section 2 a. Dogs Stealing and Gobb
Page 9 and 10:
Acknowledgements First and foremost
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Introduction It is generally though
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of their art while maintaining awar
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connection between animals and life
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Chapter three, “The Classical Gre
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turn, shaped by contemporary ideas
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with the animal kingdom. 5 Regardin
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The examples just cited show that r
Page 25 and 26:
studying freestanding statues of li
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particular, has dominated twentieth
Page 29 and 30:
Regarding classical antiquity, the
Page 31 and 32:
their grip, for a “tooth” on ea
Page 33 and 34:
discussion of the sculpture to whic
Page 35 and 36:
them. Consequently the Athenians wi
Page 37 and 38:
subjects on the basis of which arti
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of the later (Hellenistic) developm
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The theory that naturalism played t
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we have seen or sensed in the past,
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valued criterion of judging works o
Page 47 and 48:
more accurate observation and rende
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judged by the ancient Greeks? As su
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is still central to his argument, b
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wars, the symmetry of their tense p
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Archaic and Classical phases, follo
Page 57 and 58:
the acquired skill of craftsmanship
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prevalence of naturalism in his vie
Page 61 and 62:
The statement shows clearly that Bo
Page 63 and 64:
of Kollytos in the Athenian Keramei
Page 65 and 66:
Having expressed this idea, he pres
Page 67 and 68:
5. Not Naturalism and Realism. The
Page 69 and 70:
animals, but rather highlights thei
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instead of a message highlights the
Page 73 and 74:
quality of Cleiton’s statues, or,
Page 75 and 76:
valuable guide to the ancient inter
Page 77 and 78:
importance of these notions in defi
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made of bronze, if Myron had worked
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first century A.D., the statue pres
Page 83 and 84:
lifelikeness of the statue, in quit
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Wilt thou not lead me into the hous
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a real animal might act in the real
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The fourth epigram, an anonymous, a
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In the fourth epigram, also an anon
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mistaken a bronze cow for a real on
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The statue proclaims its lifelikene
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and the man leading it, and the wom
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orrowed voice, the boundary between
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oundary between lifeless art and re
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had made a success of that as well,
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eference to the error of the Pliny
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form of equine connoisseurship resp
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Chapter 2: Representations of Anima
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markers of both sexes.” 138 He ca
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little in the way of explanation. I
Page 115 and 116: een noted, a confluence of three di
Page 117 and 118: The Possibility of Influence from B
Page 119 and 120: “in the later fifth and fourth ce
Page 121 and 122: speaking of the style of Classical
Page 123 and 124: It is perhaps Xenophon’s use of t
Page 125 and 126: William Brown suggests that this pa
Page 127 and 128: the expense of realism, or to a com
Page 129 and 130: B.C. 178 Although not described in
Page 131 and 132: inconsistent style. That of Vermeul
Page 133 and 134: and degrees in which this combinati
Page 135 and 136: 2. Two Cases Studies: The Lion and
Page 137 and 138: just as odd a man and the beast doe
Page 139 and 140: The Motif of the Lion Holding the H
Page 141 and 142: ehavior, the description of Hector
Page 143 and 144: Despite its unclear authorship and
Page 145 and 146: animals and have the softest hair;
Page 147 and 148: with it. He provides this descripti
Page 149 and 150: Further, Willemsen’s observation
Page 151 and 152: The body of the Kerameikos hound ap
Page 153 and 154: that the author of the Physiognomic
Page 155 and 156: Those [animals] who have thin lips
Page 157 and 158: knowledge of the dog mating with ot
Page 159 and 160: serve their arrangement in Classica
Page 161 and 162: Chapter 3: The Classical Greek Cont
Page 163 and 164: SECTION 1 a. Dogs Living in the Hou
Page 165: eferring first to the human family
Page 169 and 170: that of a dog: his location on the
Page 171 and 172: In contrast to this suggestion, Joh
Page 173 and 174: Aeschylus’s intention to liken th
Page 175 and 176: thing is possible then,” said I,
Page 177 and 178: If anyone’s out of bread but has
Page 179 and 180: c. Molossian Dogs as Guardians of t
Page 181 and 182: incident, Aegeas was a ferocious Mo
Page 183 and 184: Aristotle indicates that Molossian
Page 185 and 186: untrustworthy animal. So pervasive
Page 187 and 188: the dog’s stealing of food within
Page 189 and 190: mythological dogs, such as those of
Page 191 and 192: Cleon of embezzling money while cam
Page 193 and 194: Although not provoked by the act of
Page 195 and 196: Apart from labeling dogs as indiscr
Page 197 and 198: 190 B.C.), and cited in Athenaeus
Page 199 and 200: Detienne and Vernant that wisdom an
Page 201 and 202: egarding mh~tij, the canine behavio
Page 203 and 204: e. The Savage Nature of Dogs Histor
Page 205 and 206: The textual evidence discussed in t
Page 207 and 208: efers to some countries as consumer
Page 209 and 210: living together with humans brings
Page 211 and 212: example, states that “these lines
Page 213 and 214: and thus poor men. 317 On the basis
Page 215 and 216: with dog flesh. 322 Further, on the
Page 217 and 218:
flesh as medicinal food notwithstan
Page 219 and 220:
ordinary food, but is not connected
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2. Disease of the Back Similar to t
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ensured only if one is willing to
Page 225 and 226:
The literary evidence contained in
Page 227 and 228:
practice of eating dog meat indicat
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product of an artistic process,”
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Georgopapadakos. 344 On the basis o
Page 233 and 234:
that is Friendship. They made her k
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assume that they referred to images
Page 237 and 238:
the meaning of zw|~on in the fifth
Page 239 and 240:
tendency not to distinguish between
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zw|~a. Thus, they translate the fir
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econstructed as five consecutive fr
Page 245 and 246:
To conclude the discussing of Herod
Page 247 and 248:
Turning to zw|~a, one sees that Her
Page 249 and 250:
With regard to the modern definitio
Page 251 and 252:
Regarding modern translations of zw
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length of the causeway was 5 sta&di
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The fragment was initially assigned
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estates, whereas the middle part wo
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of sand and limestone chips. The po
Page 261 and 262:
limestone mantle. 441 Its poor cond
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Undoubtedly, these zw|~a did show s
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statement accords well with the pro
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pyramid in Egypt. Tu&pon is the acc
Page 269 and 270:
Herodotus provides further insight
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evidence should be also added an Ar
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g. The Zw|~a of Mandrocles’ Paint
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The passage is instructive for the
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the representations of enthroned Da
Page 279 and 280:
Herodotus gives no details about th
Page 281 and 282:
Grene, who says “little figures.
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theory has dominated scholarship. 5
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iders on horses that gallop to the
Page 287 and 288:
inscription is in the form of a hea
Page 289 and 290:
The existing blocks that form the b
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suggests a distinctive technique of
Page 293 and 294:
The same type of information is rec
Page 295 and 296:
addition, the inscriptions provide
Page 297 and 298:
stone and zw~ia suggests a standard
Page 299 and 300:
description for something, and ther
Page 301 and 302:
Erechtheion, and also fragments of
Page 303 and 304:
uilding, and also marked a technica
Page 305 and 306:
Socrates likens the use of colors b
Page 307 and 308:
on a surface produced by painting,
Page 309 and 310:
outstanding allotment of happiness
Page 311 and 312:
indicates that it was a term of gen
Page 313 and 314:
government of the state. Four perso
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form a group of discussants on the
Page 317 and 318:
prominently in Plato’s discussion
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“animals,” and Pangle, as “li
Page 321 and 322:
general. Trevor Saunders attempts t
Page 323 and 324:
And I do not think it is right that
Page 325 and 326:
contrasted to the representations o
Page 327 and 328:
Aristotle likens the formation of t
Page 329 and 330:
paintings—also connected with zw&
Page 331 and 332:
The third occurrence of the term in
Page 333 and 334:
kaq' au(to_ ei]nai…qew&rhma), and
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temple.” Now the statue [a1galma]
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of real bodies. When this meaning i
Page 339 and 340:
Conclusions Animals are fundamental
Page 341 and 342:
animals—as essential elements of
Page 343 and 344:
scholarly interpretations of the pr
Page 345 and 346:
The literary, epigraphical, and scu
Page 347 and 348:
APPENDIX: TESTIMONIA Note to the re
Page 349 and 350:
Eu)po&lidi tw|~ th~j kwmw|di/aj poi
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with no seal broken in the length o
Page 353 and 354:
ku&nej de\ e0cai/fnhj oi0kouroi\ pe
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17 Anonymous, Anthologia Palatina 9
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26 Anonymous, Anthologia Palatina 9
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33 Antipater of Sidon, Anthologia P
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watches, and when you happen to gap
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ou)de\n ga_r e1rgon h}n a1r' a)qliw
Page 365 and 366:
835 ba&ll' e0j ko&rakaj. toioutoni\
Page 367 and 368:
Prw~ton me\n ou}n to_ a1nw ku&toj a
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xai/rousin a)lla_ th|~ brw&sei, th_
Page 371 and 372:
In Phasis there is a breed of small
Page 373 and 374:
Text and translation: D. M. Balme,
Page 375 and 376:
ou)de\n de\ oi[on eu)nh_ malqakh_ k
Page 377 and 378:
e1ti de\ kai\ eu)w&desi ta_j xei=ra
Page 379 and 380:
μέν[a έν f]ρo[uρ ί k ]do[ς
Page 381 and 382:
λίθος πρὸς ℎο̑ι τ
Page 383 and 384:
the horse and the man appearing beh
Page 385 and 386:
As for dogs, what can I say? In som
Page 387 and 388:
Tou&twn te w}n ei3neken oi9 Lakedai
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Herodotus 2.148 oi9 ga_r e0pestew~t
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asile/a te Darei=on e0n proedri/h|
Page 393 and 394:
110 Hippocrates, De affectionibus i
Page 395 and 396:
Hippocrates, De morbis ii 44.16-44.
Page 397 and 398:
Rub well silphium equal to one grai
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that on the peaks of a mountain fig
Page 401 and 402:
Text and translation: W. R. Paton,
Page 403 and 404:
a)festhko&j. e0ntau~qa e9kate/ra mo
Page 405 and 406:
Text and translation: W. R. Paton,
Page 407 and 408:
The accounts given by all us must b
Page 409 and 410:
a1frona gegone/nai nomoqe/thn, w3st
Page 411 and 412:
The eyes, the most beautiful featur
Page 413 and 414:
153 Pliny 34.72 A.D. I Text and tra
Page 415 and 416:
Another habit of his was when he ha
Page 417 and 418:
for the earth-goddess Hecate, it ha
Page 419 and 420:
dia_ pollw~n de\ o( Qeo&frastoj e0k
Page 421 and 422:
The characteristics of the brave ma
Page 423 and 424:
oi[j ta_ xei/lh lepta_ kai\ e0p' a1
Page 425 and 426:
185 Sophocles, Antigone 198-206 V B
Page 427 and 428:
the taste will make them less incli
Page 429 and 430:
“Cleiton, that your statues of ru
Page 431 and 432:
B. Arntsen, Dog On The Roof…No La
Page 433 and 434:
_____, Early Greek Vase Painting. 1
Page 435 and 436:
A. Campana, “The Origin of the Wo
Page 437 and 438:
_____, “The Greek Images of the G
Page 439 and 440:
E. Fudge, “A Left-Handed Blow: Wr
Page 441 and 442:
M. Haase, Eine Stätte für die Ewi
Page 443 and 444:
W. W. How and J. Wells, A Commentar
Page 445 and 446:
R. G. Kent, Old Persian. Grammar. T
Page 447 and 448:
A. Linzey and T. Regan, eds., Anima
Page 449 and 450:
H. W. Miller, “Aristophanes and M
Page 451 and 452:
_____, “Cario and the New World o
Page 453 and 454:
S. B. Pomeroy, Xenophon. Oeconomicu
Page 455 and 456:
C. Rolley, La tombe princière de V
Page 457 and 458:
W. Smith, ed., Dictionary of Greek
Page 459 and 460:
C. Thorne, “Feeding Behavior of D
Page 461 and 462:
S. Simpson, eds., Pictorial Narrati
Page 463 and 464:
Young, Archaic Marble Sculpture fro
Page 465 and 466:
Fig. 1 Classical statue of a dog fr
Page 467 and 468:
Fig. 4 Classical Inscription from a
Page 469 and 470:
Fig. 7 Classical statue of a lion f
Page 471 and 472:
Fig. 10 The lion of Amphipolis (fou
Page 473 and 474:
Fig. 13 Late Geometric II stand fro
Page 475 and 476:
Fig. 16 Late Archaic Boeotian terra
Page 477 and 478:
Fig. 21 Reconstruction of part of a
Page 479 and 480:
Fig. 24 Capstone of the pyramid of
Page 481 and 482:
Fig. 26 Archaic bronze krater from
Page 483:
Fig. 29 Figure of a horrified femal
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