The Judgment of Animals in Classical Greece: Animal Sculpture and ...

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Herodotus 1.203 1Eqnea de\ a)nqrw&pwn polla_ kai\ pantoi=a e0n e9wutw|~ e1xei o( Kau&kasij, ta_ polla_ pa&nta a)p' u3lhj a)gri/hj zw&onta. 0En toi=si kai\ de/ndrea fu&lla toih~sde i0de/hj parexo&mena ei]nai le/getai, ta_ tri/bonta&j te kai\ parami/sgontaj u3dwr zw|~a e9wutoi=si e0j th_n e0sqh~ta e0ggra&fein: ta_ de\ zw|~a ou)k e0kplu&nesqai, a)lla_ sugkataghra&skein tw|~ a1llw| ei0ri/w| kata& per e0nufanqe/nta a)rxh&n. Many and every sort of nation the Caucasus contains within itself, most of them living from the fruit of the wild tress. Among them, they say, there are trees with leaves such that, when they crush them and mix them with water, they can paint on their clothes figures of animals [zw|~a]. These figures of animals [zw|~a] do not wash out but grow old with the wool, as though they were woven into it at the beginning. 100 Herodotus 2.4 Duw&deka te qew~n e0pwnumi/aj e1legon prw&touj Ai0gupti/ouj nomi/sai kai\ 3Ellhnaj para_ sfe/wn a)nalabei=n, bwmou&j te kai\ a)ga&lmata kai\ nhou_j qeoi=si a)ponei=mai sfe/aj prw&touj kai\ zw|~a e0n li/qoisi e0gglu&yai. Kai\ tou&twn me/n nun ta_ ple/w e1rgw| e0dh&loun ou3tw geno&mena. These authorities also say that the Egyptians were the first to use the names of the twelve gods, and that the Greeks took these from them, and that the Egyptians were the first to assign altars and images [a)ga&lmata] and temples to the gods and to carve [e0gglu&yai] figures [zw|~a] on stone [e0n li/qoisi]. Most of these things the showed me by clear proof. 101 Herodotus 2.124 0Erga&zonto de\ kata_ de/ka muria&daj a)nqrw&pwn ai0ei\ th_n tri/mhnon e9ka&sthn. Xro&non de\ e0ggene/sqai tribome/nw| tw|~ lew|~ de/ka e1tea me\n th~j o(dou~ kat' h4n ei[lkon tou_j li/qouj, th_n e1deiman e1rgon e0o_n ou) pollw|~ tew| e1lasson th~j purami/doj, w(j e0moi\ doke/ein (th~j ga_r mh~koj me/n ei0si pe/nte sta&dioi, eu}roj de\ de/ka o)rguiai/, u3yoj de/, th|~ u(yhlota&th e0sti\ au)th_ e9wuth~j, o)ktw_ o)rguiai/), li/qou te cestou~ kai\ zw|&wn e0ggeglumme/nwn. The people worked in gangs of one hundred thousand for each period of three months. The people were afflicted for ten years of time in building the road along which they dragged the stones—in my opinion a work as great as the pyramid itself. For the length of the road is more than half a mile, and its breadth is sixty feet, and its height, at its highest, is forty-eight feet. It is made of polished stone [li/qou te cestou~], and there are figures [zw|&wn] carved [e0ggeglumme/nwn] on it. 102 378
Herodotus 2.148 oi9 ga_r e0pestew~tej tw~n Ai0gupti/wn deiknu&nai au)ta_ ou)damw~j h1qelon, fa&menoi qh&kaj au)to&qi ei]nai tw~n te a)rxh_n to_n labu&rinqon tou~ton oi0kodomhsame/nwn basile/wn kai\ tw~n i9rw~n krokodei/lwn. Ou3tw tw~n me\n ka&tw pe/ri oi0khma&twn a)koh|~ paralabo&ntej le/gomen, ta_ de\ a1nw me/zona a)nqrwphi/wn e1rgwn au)toi\ w(rw~men. Ai3 te ga_r e1codoi dia_ tw~n stege/wn kai\ oi9 ei9ligmoi\ dia_ tw~n au)le/wn e0o&ntej poikilw&tatoi qw~ma muri/on parei/xonto e0c au)lh~j te e0j ta_ oi0kh&mata dieciou~si kai\ e0k tw~n oi0khma&twn e0j pasta&daj, e0j ste/gaj te a1llaj e0k tw~n pasta&dwn kai\ e0j au)la_j a1llaj e0k tw~n oi0khma&twn. 0Orofh_ de\ pa&ntwn tou&twn liqi/nh kata& per oi9 toi=xoi, oi9 de\ toi=xoi tu&pwn e0ggeglumme/nwn ple/oi, au)lh_ de\ e9ka&sth peri/stuloj li/qou leukou~ a(rmosme/nou ta_ ma&lista. Th~j de\ gwni/hj teleutw~ntoj tou~ laburi/nqou e1xetai purami\j tesserakonto&rguioj, e0n th|~ zw|~a mega&la e0gge/gluptai: o(do_j d' e0j au)th_n u(po_ gh~n pepoi/htai. Furthermore, they resolved to leave a memorial of themselves in common, and in pursuance of resolve they made a labyrinth, a little above Lake Moeris, and situated near what is called the City of Crocodiles. I saw it myself, and it is indeed a wonder past words; for if one were to collect together all the buildings of the Greeks and their most striking works of architecture, they would all clearly be shown to have cost less labor and money than this labyrinth. Yet the temple at Ephesus and that in Samos are surely remarkable. The pyramids, too, were greater than words could tell, and each of them is the equivalent of many of the great works of the Greeks; but the labyrinth surpasses the pyramids also. It has twelve roofed courts, with doors facing one another, six to the north and six to the south and in a continuous line. One wall on the outside encompasses them all. There are double sets of chambers in it, some underground and some above, and their number is three thousand; there are fifteen hundred of each. We ourselves saw the aboveground chambers, for we went through them and so we can talk of them, but the underground chambers we can speak only from hearsay. For the officials of the Egyptians entirely refused to show us these, saying that there are in them the coffins of the kings who had builded the labyrinth at the beginning and also those of the holy crocodiles. So we speak from hearsay of these underground places; but what we saw aboveground was certainly greater than all human works. The passages through the rooms and the winding goings-in and out through the courts, in their extreme complication, caused us countless marvelings as we went through, from the court into the rooms, and from the rooms into the pillared corridors, and then from these corridors into other rooms again, and from the rooms into other courts afterwards. The roof of the whole is stone, as the walls are, and the walls are full of engraved figures [tu&pwn], and each court is set round with pillars of white stone, very exactly fitted. At the corner where the labyrinth ends there is, nearby, a pyramid two hundred and forty feet high and engraved with great animals [zw|~a]. The road to this is made underground. 103 Herodotus 3.47 379
Page 1 and 2:
The Judgment of Animals in Classica
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the meaning of the term zw|~on—us
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Table of Contents Acknowledgments .
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Section 2 a. Dogs Stealing and Gobb
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Acknowledgements First and foremost
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Introduction It is generally though
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of their art while maintaining awar
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connection between animals and life
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Chapter three, “The Classical Gre
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turn, shaped by contemporary ideas
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with the animal kingdom. 5 Regardin
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The examples just cited show that r
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studying freestanding statues of li
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particular, has dominated twentieth
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Regarding classical antiquity, the
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their grip, for a “tooth” on ea
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discussion of the sculpture to whic
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them. Consequently the Athenians wi
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subjects on the basis of which arti
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of the later (Hellenistic) developm
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The theory that naturalism played t
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we have seen or sensed in the past,
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valued criterion of judging works o
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more accurate observation and rende
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judged by the ancient Greeks? As su
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is still central to his argument, b
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wars, the symmetry of their tense p
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Archaic and Classical phases, follo
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the acquired skill of craftsmanship
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prevalence of naturalism in his vie
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The statement shows clearly that Bo
Page 63 and 64:
of Kollytos in the Athenian Keramei
Page 65 and 66:
Having expressed this idea, he pres
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5. Not Naturalism and Realism. The
Page 69 and 70:
animals, but rather highlights thei
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instead of a message highlights the
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quality of Cleiton’s statues, or,
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valuable guide to the ancient inter
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importance of these notions in defi
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made of bronze, if Myron had worked
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first century A.D., the statue pres
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lifelikeness of the statue, in quit
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Wilt thou not lead me into the hous
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a real animal might act in the real
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The fourth epigram, an anonymous, a
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In the fourth epigram, also an anon
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mistaken a bronze cow for a real on
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The statue proclaims its lifelikene
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and the man leading it, and the wom
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orrowed voice, the boundary between
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oundary between lifeless art and re
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had made a success of that as well,
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eference to the error of the Pliny
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form of equine connoisseurship resp
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Chapter 2: Representations of Anima
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markers of both sexes.” 138 He ca
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little in the way of explanation. I
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een noted, a confluence of three di
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The Possibility of Influence from B
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“in the later fifth and fourth ce
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speaking of the style of Classical
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It is perhaps Xenophon’s use of t
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William Brown suggests that this pa
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the expense of realism, or to a com
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B.C. 178 Although not described in
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inconsistent style. That of Vermeul
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and degrees in which this combinati
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2. Two Cases Studies: The Lion and
Page 137 and 138:
just as odd a man and the beast doe
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The Motif of the Lion Holding the H
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ehavior, the description of Hector
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Despite its unclear authorship and
Page 145 and 146:
animals and have the softest hair;
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with it. He provides this descripti
Page 149 and 150:
Further, Willemsen’s observation
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The body of the Kerameikos hound ap
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that the author of the Physiognomic
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Those [animals] who have thin lips
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knowledge of the dog mating with ot
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serve their arrangement in Classica
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Chapter 3: The Classical Greek Cont
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SECTION 1 a. Dogs Living in the Hou
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eferring first to the human family
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Aristotle’s Politics, so pervasiv
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that of a dog: his location on the
Page 171 and 172:
In contrast to this suggestion, Joh
Page 173 and 174:
Aeschylus’s intention to liken th
Page 175 and 176:
thing is possible then,” said I,
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If anyone’s out of bread but has
Page 179 and 180:
c. Molossian Dogs as Guardians of t
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incident, Aegeas was a ferocious Mo
Page 183 and 184:
Aristotle indicates that Molossian
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untrustworthy animal. So pervasive
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the dog’s stealing of food within
Page 189 and 190:
mythological dogs, such as those of
Page 191 and 192:
Cleon of embezzling money while cam
Page 193 and 194:
Although not provoked by the act of
Page 195 and 196:
Apart from labeling dogs as indiscr
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190 B.C.), and cited in Athenaeus
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Detienne and Vernant that wisdom an
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egarding mh~tij, the canine behavio
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e. The Savage Nature of Dogs Histor
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The textual evidence discussed in t
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efers to some countries as consumer
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living together with humans brings
Page 211 and 212:
example, states that “these lines
Page 213 and 214:
and thus poor men. 317 On the basis
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with dog flesh. 322 Further, on the
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flesh as medicinal food notwithstan
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ordinary food, but is not connected
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2. Disease of the Back Similar to t
Page 223 and 224:
ensured only if one is willing to
Page 225 and 226:
The literary evidence contained in
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practice of eating dog meat indicat
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product of an artistic process,”
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Georgopapadakos. 344 On the basis o
Page 233 and 234:
that is Friendship. They made her k
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assume that they referred to images
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the meaning of zw|~on in the fifth
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tendency not to distinguish between
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zw|~a. Thus, they translate the fir
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econstructed as five consecutive fr
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To conclude the discussing of Herod
Page 247 and 248:
Turning to zw|~a, one sees that Her
Page 249 and 250:
With regard to the modern definitio
Page 251 and 252:
Regarding modern translations of zw
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length of the causeway was 5 sta&di
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The fragment was initially assigned
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estates, whereas the middle part wo
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of sand and limestone chips. The po
Page 261 and 262:
limestone mantle. 441 Its poor cond
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Undoubtedly, these zw|~a did show s
Page 265 and 266:
statement accords well with the pro
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pyramid in Egypt. Tu&pon is the acc
Page 269 and 270:
Herodotus provides further insight
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evidence should be also added an Ar
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g. The Zw|~a of Mandrocles’ Paint
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The passage is instructive for the
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the representations of enthroned Da
Page 279 and 280:
Herodotus gives no details about th
Page 281 and 282:
Grene, who says “little figures.
Page 283 and 284:
theory has dominated scholarship. 5
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iders on horses that gallop to the
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inscription is in the form of a hea
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The existing blocks that form the b
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suggests a distinctive technique of
Page 293 and 294:
The same type of information is rec
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addition, the inscriptions provide
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stone and zw~ia suggests a standard
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description for something, and ther
Page 301 and 302:
Erechtheion, and also fragments of
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uilding, and also marked a technica
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Socrates likens the use of colors b
Page 307 and 308:
on a surface produced by painting,
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outstanding allotment of happiness
Page 311 and 312:
indicates that it was a term of gen
Page 313 and 314:
government of the state. Four perso
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form a group of discussants on the
Page 317 and 318:
prominently in Plato’s discussion
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“animals,” and Pangle, as “li
Page 321 and 322:
general. Trevor Saunders attempts t
Page 323 and 324:
And I do not think it is right that
Page 325 and 326:
contrasted to the representations o
Page 327 and 328:
Aristotle likens the formation of t
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paintings—also connected with zw&
Page 331 and 332:
The third occurrence of the term in
Page 333 and 334:
kaq' au(to_ ei]nai…qew&rhma), and
Page 335 and 336:
temple.” Now the statue [a1galma]
Page 337 and 338: of real bodies. When this meaning i
Page 339 and 340: Conclusions Animals are fundamental
Page 341 and 342: animals—as essential elements of
Page 343 and 344: scholarly interpretations of the pr
Page 345 and 346: The literary, epigraphical, and scu
Page 347 and 348: APPENDIX: TESTIMONIA Note to the re
Page 349 and 350: Eu)po&lidi tw|~ th~j kwmw|di/aj poi
Page 351 and 352: with no seal broken in the length o
Page 353 and 354: ku&nej de\ e0cai/fnhj oi0kouroi\ pe
Page 355 and 356: 17 Anonymous, Anthologia Palatina 9
Page 357 and 358: 26 Anonymous, Anthologia Palatina 9
Page 359 and 360: 33 Antipater of Sidon, Anthologia P
Page 361 and 362: watches, and when you happen to gap
Page 363 and 364: ou)de\n ga_r e1rgon h}n a1r' a)qliw
Page 365 and 366: 835 ba&ll' e0j ko&rakaj. toioutoni\
Page 367 and 368: Prw~ton me\n ou}n to_ a1nw ku&toj a
Page 369 and 370: xai/rousin a)lla_ th|~ brw&sei, th_
Page 371 and 372: In Phasis there is a breed of small
Page 373 and 374: Text and translation: D. M. Balme,
Page 375 and 376: ou)de\n de\ oi[on eu)nh_ malqakh_ k
Page 377 and 378: e1ti de\ kai\ eu)w&desi ta_j xei=ra
Page 379 and 380: μέν[a έν f]ρo[uρ ί k ]do[ς
Page 381 and 382: λίθος πρὸς ℎο̑ι τ
Page 383 and 384: the horse and the man appearing beh
Page 385 and 386: As for dogs, what can I say? In som
Page 387: Tou&twn te w}n ei3neken oi9 Lakedai
Page 391 and 392: asile/a te Darei=on e0n proedri/h|
Page 393 and 394: 110 Hippocrates, De affectionibus i
Page 395 and 396: Hippocrates, De morbis ii 44.16-44.
Page 397 and 398: Rub well silphium equal to one grai
Page 399 and 400: that on the peaks of a mountain fig
Page 401 and 402: Text and translation: W. R. Paton,
Page 403 and 404: a)festhko&j. e0ntau~qa e9kate/ra mo
Page 405 and 406: Text and translation: W. R. Paton,
Page 407 and 408: The accounts given by all us must b
Page 409 and 410: a1frona gegone/nai nomoqe/thn, w3st
Page 411 and 412: The eyes, the most beautiful featur
Page 413 and 414: 153 Pliny 34.72 A.D. I Text and tra
Page 415 and 416: Another habit of his was when he ha
Page 417 and 418: for the earth-goddess Hecate, it ha
Page 419 and 420: dia_ pollw~n de\ o( Qeo&frastoj e0k
Page 421 and 422: The characteristics of the brave ma
Page 423 and 424: oi[j ta_ xei/lh lepta_ kai\ e0p' a1
Page 425 and 426: 185 Sophocles, Antigone 198-206 V B
Page 427 and 428: the taste will make them less incli
Page 429 and 430: “Cleiton, that your statues of ru
Page 431 and 432: B. Arntsen, Dog On The Roof…No La
Page 433 and 434: _____, Early Greek Vase Painting. 1
Page 435 and 436: A. Campana, “The Origin of the Wo
Page 437 and 438: _____, “The Greek Images of the G
Page 439 and 440:
E. Fudge, “A Left-Handed Blow: Wr
Page 441 and 442:
M. Haase, Eine Stätte für die Ewi
Page 443 and 444:
W. W. How and J. Wells, A Commentar
Page 445 and 446:
R. G. Kent, Old Persian. Grammar. T
Page 447 and 448:
A. Linzey and T. Regan, eds., Anima
Page 449 and 450:
H. W. Miller, “Aristophanes and M
Page 451 and 452:
_____, “Cario and the New World o
Page 453 and 454:
S. B. Pomeroy, Xenophon. Oeconomicu
Page 455 and 456:
C. Rolley, La tombe princière de V
Page 457 and 458:
W. Smith, ed., Dictionary of Greek
Page 459 and 460:
C. Thorne, “Feeding Behavior of D
Page 461 and 462:
S. Simpson, eds., Pictorial Narrati
Page 463 and 464:
Young, Archaic Marble Sculpture fro
Page 465 and 466:
Fig. 1 Classical statue of a dog fr
Page 467 and 468:
Fig. 4 Classical Inscription from a
Page 469 and 470:
Fig. 7 Classical statue of a lion f
Page 471 and 472:
Fig. 10 The lion of Amphipolis (fou
Page 473 and 474:
Fig. 13 Late Geometric II stand fro
Page 475 and 476:
Fig. 16 Late Archaic Boeotian terra
Page 477 and 478:
Fig. 21 Reconstruction of part of a
Page 479 and 480:
Fig. 24 Capstone of the pyramid of
Page 481 and 482:
Fig. 26 Archaic bronze krater from
Page 483:
Fig. 29 Figure of a horrified femal
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