The Judgment of Animals in Classical Greece: Animal Sculpture and ...

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Kai\ e1peita paraskeuasa&menoi e0strateu&onto Lakedaimo&nioi e0pi\ Sa&mon, w(j me\n Sa&mioi le/gousi, eu)ergesi/aj e0kti/nontej o3ti sfi pro&teroi au)toi\ nhusi\ e0boh&qhsan e0pi\ Messhni/ouj, w(j de\ Lakedaimo&nioi le/gousi, ou)k ou3tw timwrh~sai deome/noisi Sami/oisi e0strateu&onto w(j tei/sasqai boulo&menoi tou~ krhth~roj th~j a(rpagh~j, to_n h}gon Kroi/sw|, kai\ tou~ qw&rhkoj, to_n au)toi=si 1Amasij o( Ai0gu&ptou basileu_j e1pemye dw~ron. Kai\ ga_r qw&rhka e0lhi/santo tw|~ prote/rw| e1tei" h2 to_n krhth~ra oi9 Sa&mioi, e0o&nta me\n li/neon kai\ zw|&wn e0nufasme/nwn suxnw~n, kekosmhme/non de\ xrusw|~ kai\ ei0ri/oisi a)po_ cu&lou: tw~n de\ ei3neka qwma&sai a1cion a(rpedo&nh e9ka&sth tou~ qw&rhkoj poie/ei: e0ou~sa ga_r lepth_ e1xei a(rpedo&naj e0n e9wuth|~ trihkosi/aj kai\ e9ch&konta, pa&saj fanera&j. Toiou~toj e3tero&j e0sti kai\ to_n e0n Li/ndw| a)ne/qhke th|~ 0Aqhnai/h| 1Amasij. After this, having made their preparations, the Lacedaemonians made their expedition against Samos. As the Samians tell the story, this was to repay the kindness done to the Lacedaemonians by the Samians when they helped them against Messenia. However, the Lacedaemonians say that this was not the reason for their assisting the Samians in their need; rather, they themselves wanted to take revenge for the theft of the bowl that the Samians stole from them when they were taking it up to Croesus, and also to the theft of the breastplate that Amasis, king of Egypt, had sent to them, the Spartans, as a gift. The Samians had stolen the breastplate the year before they took the bowl. The breastplate was of linen and with many figures [zw|&wn] woven into it, and decorated with gold and cotton embroidery. The greatest wonder of it is that each single fine thread of the fabric has in itself three hundred and sixty strands, and they all can be seen to be there. One exactly like it was dedicated by Amasis, in Lindus, to Athena. 104 Herodotus 3.88 Prw~ton me/n nun tu&pon poihsa&menoj li/qinon e1sthse: zw|~on de/ oi9 e0nh~n a)nh_r i9ppeu&j, e0pe/graye de/ [oi9] gra&mmata le/gonta ta&de: «Darei=oj o( 9Usta&speoj su&n te tou~ i3ppou th|~ a)reth|~ (to_ ou1noma le/gwn) kai\ Oi0ba&reoj tou~ i9ppoko&mou e0kth&sato th_n Perse/wn basilhi/hn. First of all he made and set up [e1sthse] a monument [tu&pon] of stone [li/qinon]. On it was an engraving [zw|~on] of a man on horseback, with an inscription: “Darius, son of Hystaspes, with the help of his horse’s excellence” (he there mentioned the stallion’s name) “and that of Oebares the groom, won the kingship of Persia.” 105 Herodotus 4.88 Darei=oj de\ meta_ tau~ta h(sqei\j th|~ sxedi/h| to_n a)rxite/ktona au)th~j Mandrokle/a to_n Sa&mion e0dwrh&sato pa~si de/ka. 0Ap' w{n dh_ Mandrokle/hj a)parxh&n, zw|~a graya&menoj pa~san th_n zeu~cin tou~ Bospo&rou kai\ 380
asile/a te Darei=on e0n proedri/h| kath&menon kai\ to_n strato_n au)tou~ diabai/nonta, tau~ta graya&menoj a)ne/qhke e0j to_ 3Hraion, e0pigra&yaj ta&de: Bo&sporon i0xquo&enta gefurw&saj a)ne/qhke Mandrokle/hj 3Hrh| mnhmo&sunon sxedi/hj, au(tw|~ me\n ste/fanon periqei/j, Sami/oisi de\ ku~doj, Darei/ou basile/oj e0ktele/saj kata_ nou~n. After that, Darius was so delighted with his bridge of boats, that he gave Mandrocles every sort of reward. This man took the firstfruits of his honors and had a picture made with figures depicting [zw|~a graya&menoj] the whole bridging of the Bosporus and of King Darius sitting high over it and the army crossing; he dedicated it in the temple of Hera and made this inscription: This is the bridge of boats over the fish-haunted Bosporus; Mandrocles built it, and Hera received it as her memorial; A crown for himself its builder made it, a glory of Samos; All that he wrought he accomplished by the will of the King, Darius. 106 Herodotus 7.125-7.126 Poreuome/nw| de\ tau&th| le/onte/j oi9 e0peqh&kanto th|~si sitofo&roisi kamh&loisi: kata- foitw~ntej ga_r oi9 le/ontej ta_j nu&ktaj kai\ lei/pontej ta_ sfe/tera h1qea a1llou me\n ou)deno_j a3ptonto ou1te u(pozugi/ou ou1te a)nqrw&pou, oi9 de\ ta_j kamh&louj e0kera&i"zon mou&naj. Qwma&zw de\ to_ ai1tion, o3 ti kote\ h}n tw~n a1llwn to_ a)nagka&zon a)pexome/nouj tou_j le/ontaj th|~si kamh&loisi e0piti/qesqai, to_ mh&te pro&teron o)pw&pesan qhri/on mh&t' e0pepeire/ato au)tou~. Ei0si\ de\ kata_ tau~ta ta_ xwri/a kai\ le/ontej polloi\ kai\ bo&ej a1grioi, tw~n ta_ ke/rea u(permega&qea& e0sti ta_ e0j 3Ellhnaj foitw~nta. Ou}roj de\ toi=si le/ousi/ e0sti o3 te di' 0Abdh&rwn r(e/wn potamo_j Ne/stoj kai\ o( di' 0Akarnani/hj r(e/wn 0Axelw|~oj: ou1te ga_r to_ pro_j th_n h)w~ tou~ Ne/stou ou)damo&qi pa&shj th~j e1mprosqe Eu)rw&phj i1doi tij a2n le/onta, ou1te pro_j e9spe/rhj tou~ 0Axelw|&ou e0n th|~ e0piloi/pw| h)pei/rw|, a)ll' e0n th|~ metacu_ tou&twn tw~n potamw~n gi/nontai. As Xerxes marched along, lions set upon his camels, which were carrying the corn. The lions would come constantly at night, and leaving their usual haunts, would touch nothing else, baggage animal or human; they ravaged the camels only. I wonder what the cause can be that forced the lions to leave the other creatures alone and attack the camels, since this was an animal that they had never seen before or had any experience of. There are in these parts many lions and wild oxen, the enormous horns of which are brought to Greece. The boundary of the lions is the river Nestus, which flows through Abdera, and the Achelous, which flows through Acarnania. To the east of the Nestus, in all of the nearer part of Europe, you will never see a lion, nor west of the Achelous in the rest of the mainland; but they are found in the land between these rivers. 381
Page 1 and 2:
The Judgment of Animals in Classica
Page 3 and 4:
the meaning of the term zw|~on—us
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Table of Contents Acknowledgments .
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Section 2 a. Dogs Stealing and Gobb
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Acknowledgements First and foremost
Page 11 and 12:
Introduction It is generally though
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of their art while maintaining awar
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connection between animals and life
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Chapter three, “The Classical Gre
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turn, shaped by contemporary ideas
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with the animal kingdom. 5 Regardin
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The examples just cited show that r
Page 25 and 26:
studying freestanding statues of li
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particular, has dominated twentieth
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Regarding classical antiquity, the
Page 31 and 32:
their grip, for a “tooth” on ea
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discussion of the sculpture to whic
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them. Consequently the Athenians wi
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subjects on the basis of which arti
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of the later (Hellenistic) developm
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The theory that naturalism played t
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we have seen or sensed in the past,
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valued criterion of judging works o
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more accurate observation and rende
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judged by the ancient Greeks? As su
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is still central to his argument, b
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wars, the symmetry of their tense p
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Archaic and Classical phases, follo
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the acquired skill of craftsmanship
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prevalence of naturalism in his vie
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The statement shows clearly that Bo
Page 63 and 64:
of Kollytos in the Athenian Keramei
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Having expressed this idea, he pres
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5. Not Naturalism and Realism. The
Page 69 and 70:
animals, but rather highlights thei
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instead of a message highlights the
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quality of Cleiton’s statues, or,
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valuable guide to the ancient inter
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importance of these notions in defi
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made of bronze, if Myron had worked
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first century A.D., the statue pres
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lifelikeness of the statue, in quit
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Wilt thou not lead me into the hous
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a real animal might act in the real
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The fourth epigram, an anonymous, a
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In the fourth epigram, also an anon
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mistaken a bronze cow for a real on
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The statue proclaims its lifelikene
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and the man leading it, and the wom
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orrowed voice, the boundary between
Page 101 and 102:
oundary between lifeless art and re
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had made a success of that as well,
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eference to the error of the Pliny
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form of equine connoisseurship resp
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Chapter 2: Representations of Anima
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markers of both sexes.” 138 He ca
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little in the way of explanation. I
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een noted, a confluence of three di
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The Possibility of Influence from B
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“in the later fifth and fourth ce
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speaking of the style of Classical
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It is perhaps Xenophon’s use of t
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William Brown suggests that this pa
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the expense of realism, or to a com
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B.C. 178 Although not described in
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inconsistent style. That of Vermeul
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and degrees in which this combinati
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2. Two Cases Studies: The Lion and
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just as odd a man and the beast doe
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The Motif of the Lion Holding the H
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ehavior, the description of Hector
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Despite its unclear authorship and
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animals and have the softest hair;
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with it. He provides this descripti
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Further, Willemsen’s observation
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The body of the Kerameikos hound ap
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that the author of the Physiognomic
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Those [animals] who have thin lips
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knowledge of the dog mating with ot
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serve their arrangement in Classica
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Chapter 3: The Classical Greek Cont
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SECTION 1 a. Dogs Living in the Hou
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eferring first to the human family
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Aristotle’s Politics, so pervasiv
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that of a dog: his location on the
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In contrast to this suggestion, Joh
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Aeschylus’s intention to liken th
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thing is possible then,” said I,
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If anyone’s out of bread but has
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c. Molossian Dogs as Guardians of t
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incident, Aegeas was a ferocious Mo
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Aristotle indicates that Molossian
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untrustworthy animal. So pervasive
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the dog’s stealing of food within
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mythological dogs, such as those of
Page 191 and 192:
Cleon of embezzling money while cam
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Although not provoked by the act of
Page 195 and 196:
Apart from labeling dogs as indiscr
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190 B.C.), and cited in Athenaeus
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Detienne and Vernant that wisdom an
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egarding mh~tij, the canine behavio
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e. The Savage Nature of Dogs Histor
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The textual evidence discussed in t
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efers to some countries as consumer
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living together with humans brings
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example, states that “these lines
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and thus poor men. 317 On the basis
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with dog flesh. 322 Further, on the
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flesh as medicinal food notwithstan
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ordinary food, but is not connected
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2. Disease of the Back Similar to t
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ensured only if one is willing to
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The literary evidence contained in
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practice of eating dog meat indicat
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product of an artistic process,”
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Georgopapadakos. 344 On the basis o
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that is Friendship. They made her k
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assume that they referred to images
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the meaning of zw|~on in the fifth
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tendency not to distinguish between
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zw|~a. Thus, they translate the fir
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econstructed as five consecutive fr
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To conclude the discussing of Herod
Page 247 and 248:
Turning to zw|~a, one sees that Her
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With regard to the modern definitio
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Regarding modern translations of zw
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length of the causeway was 5 sta&di
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The fragment was initially assigned
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estates, whereas the middle part wo
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of sand and limestone chips. The po
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limestone mantle. 441 Its poor cond
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Undoubtedly, these zw|~a did show s
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statement accords well with the pro
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pyramid in Egypt. Tu&pon is the acc
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Herodotus provides further insight
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evidence should be also added an Ar
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g. The Zw|~a of Mandrocles’ Paint
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The passage is instructive for the
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the representations of enthroned Da
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Herodotus gives no details about th
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Grene, who says “little figures.
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theory has dominated scholarship. 5
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iders on horses that gallop to the
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inscription is in the form of a hea
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The existing blocks that form the b
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suggests a distinctive technique of
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The same type of information is rec
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addition, the inscriptions provide
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stone and zw~ia suggests a standard
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description for something, and ther
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Erechtheion, and also fragments of
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uilding, and also marked a technica
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Socrates likens the use of colors b
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on a surface produced by painting,
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outstanding allotment of happiness
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indicates that it was a term of gen
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government of the state. Four perso
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form a group of discussants on the
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prominently in Plato’s discussion
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“animals,” and Pangle, as “li
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general. Trevor Saunders attempts t
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And I do not think it is right that
Page 325 and 326:
contrasted to the representations o
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Aristotle likens the formation of t
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paintings—also connected with zw&
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The third occurrence of the term in
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kaq' au(to_ ei]nai…qew&rhma), and
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temple.” Now the statue [a1galma]
Page 337 and 338:
of real bodies. When this meaning i
Page 339 and 340: Conclusions Animals are fundamental
Page 341 and 342: animals—as essential elements of
Page 343 and 344: scholarly interpretations of the pr
Page 345 and 346: The literary, epigraphical, and scu
Page 347 and 348: APPENDIX: TESTIMONIA Note to the re
Page 349 and 350: Eu)po&lidi tw|~ th~j kwmw|di/aj poi
Page 351 and 352: with no seal broken in the length o
Page 353 and 354: ku&nej de\ e0cai/fnhj oi0kouroi\ pe
Page 355 and 356: 17 Anonymous, Anthologia Palatina 9
Page 357 and 358: 26 Anonymous, Anthologia Palatina 9
Page 359 and 360: 33 Antipater of Sidon, Anthologia P
Page 361 and 362: watches, and when you happen to gap
Page 363 and 364: ou)de\n ga_r e1rgon h}n a1r' a)qliw
Page 365 and 366: 835 ba&ll' e0j ko&rakaj. toioutoni\
Page 367 and 368: Prw~ton me\n ou}n to_ a1nw ku&toj a
Page 369 and 370: xai/rousin a)lla_ th|~ brw&sei, th_
Page 371 and 372: In Phasis there is a breed of small
Page 373 and 374: Text and translation: D. M. Balme,
Page 375 and 376: ou)de\n de\ oi[on eu)nh_ malqakh_ k
Page 377 and 378: e1ti de\ kai\ eu)w&desi ta_j xei=ra
Page 379 and 380: μέν[a έν f]ρo[uρ ί k ]do[ς
Page 381 and 382: λίθος πρὸς ℎο̑ι τ
Page 383 and 384: the horse and the man appearing beh
Page 385 and 386: As for dogs, what can I say? In som
Page 387 and 388: Tou&twn te w}n ei3neken oi9 Lakedai
Page 389: Herodotus 2.148 oi9 ga_r e0pestew~t
Page 393 and 394: 110 Hippocrates, De affectionibus i
Page 395 and 396: Hippocrates, De morbis ii 44.16-44.
Page 397 and 398: Rub well silphium equal to one grai
Page 399 and 400: that on the peaks of a mountain fig
Page 401 and 402: Text and translation: W. R. Paton,
Page 403 and 404: a)festhko&j. e0ntau~qa e9kate/ra mo
Page 405 and 406: Text and translation: W. R. Paton,
Page 407 and 408: The accounts given by all us must b
Page 409 and 410: a1frona gegone/nai nomoqe/thn, w3st
Page 411 and 412: The eyes, the most beautiful featur
Page 413 and 414: 153 Pliny 34.72 A.D. I Text and tra
Page 415 and 416: Another habit of his was when he ha
Page 417 and 418: for the earth-goddess Hecate, it ha
Page 419 and 420: dia_ pollw~n de\ o( Qeo&frastoj e0k
Page 421 and 422: The characteristics of the brave ma
Page 423 and 424: oi[j ta_ xei/lh lepta_ kai\ e0p' a1
Page 425 and 426: 185 Sophocles, Antigone 198-206 V B
Page 427 and 428: the taste will make them less incli
Page 429 and 430: “Cleiton, that your statues of ru
Page 431 and 432: B. Arntsen, Dog On The Roof…No La
Page 433 and 434: _____, Early Greek Vase Painting. 1
Page 435 and 436: A. Campana, “The Origin of the Wo
Page 437 and 438: _____, “The Greek Images of the G
Page 439 and 440: E. Fudge, “A Left-Handed Blow: Wr
Page 441 and 442:
M. Haase, Eine Stätte für die Ewi
Page 443 and 444:
W. W. How and J. Wells, A Commentar
Page 445 and 446:
R. G. Kent, Old Persian. Grammar. T
Page 447 and 448:
A. Linzey and T. Regan, eds., Anima
Page 449 and 450:
H. W. Miller, “Aristophanes and M
Page 451 and 452:
_____, “Cario and the New World o
Page 453 and 454:
S. B. Pomeroy, Xenophon. Oeconomicu
Page 455 and 456:
C. Rolley, La tombe princière de V
Page 457 and 458:
W. Smith, ed., Dictionary of Greek
Page 459 and 460:
C. Thorne, “Feeding Behavior of D
Page 461 and 462:
S. Simpson, eds., Pictorial Narrati
Page 463 and 464:
Young, Archaic Marble Sculpture fro
Page 465 and 466:
Fig. 1 Classical statue of a dog fr
Page 467 and 468:
Fig. 4 Classical Inscription from a
Page 469 and 470:
Fig. 7 Classical statue of a lion f
Page 471 and 472:
Fig. 10 The lion of Amphipolis (fou
Page 473 and 474:
Fig. 13 Late Geometric II stand fro
Page 475 and 476:
Fig. 16 Late Archaic Boeotian terra
Page 477 and 478:
Fig. 21 Reconstruction of part of a
Page 479 and 480:
Fig. 24 Capstone of the pyramid of
Page 481 and 482:
Fig. 26 Archaic bronze krater from
Page 483:
Fig. 29 Figure of a horrified femal
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