The Judgment of Animals in Classical Greece: Animal Sculpture and ...

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observation that the word e0pigra&yaj, which Herodotus uses for the recording of the inscription, as opposed to the graya&menoj used for the painting of the zw|~a, indicates that Mandrokles composed the inscription himself. 502 In this way, not only is Mandrocles presented as determined to show to the visitors of the sanctuary his relationship with the Persian king, but even the personal act of supplying its dedication with an explanatory inscription is highlighted as a historical act in itself. h. Zw|&dia on a Bronze Krater In addition to zw|~on, Herodotus also uses the term zw|&dion to refer to decorative elements of some kind in connection with the visual arts. The term, which is the diminutive of zw|~on, appears in a discussion of the pre-existing relations that led to a sixth-century treaty between the Lacedaemonians and the Lydian King, Croesus. 503 Herodotus describes a bronze krater full of zw|&dia around its rim that the former offered as a token of their gratitude to Croesus: Because of that, and because he had given them precedence, in his choice for friendship, over all the rest of the Greeks, the Lacedaemonians accepted the alliance. So when he made the offer, they were ready; and, moreover, they made a bronze mixing bowl, filling (plh&santej) it on the outside, around the rim (peri\ to_ xei=loj), with zw|di/wn (the mixing bowl itself was of a capacity of three hundred amphorae) and sent it on its way to Croesus, wishing to match Croesus’ gift to them with one of their own to him. But this mixing bowl never did reach Sardis, for which two reasons are given. The Lacedaemonians say that when, in its transport toward Sardis, it came near Samos, the Samians found out about it, sailed out with their long ships, and captured it; but the Samians themselves say that the Lacedaemonians who were bringing it came too late, heard that Sardis and Croesus had been captured, and sold the mixing bowl in Samos, and that some private persons bought it and dedicated it in the temple of Hera. And probably also those who sold it, when they arrived in Sparta, would say that it had been taken from them by the Samians. That, then, is the story of the bowl. (1.70) [97] 502 West, “Herodotus’ Epigraphical Interests” 282, n. 16. 503 De Sélincourt and Marincola, Herodotus. The Histories 629, n. 31, place this treaty to around 548/7 B.C. 268
Herodotus gives no details about the appearance of zw|di/wn, which is the genitive plural of zw|&dion. 504 This treatment suggests that zw|di/wn is used here in a general sense. What can be understood from the passage is that they are decorative elements of some kind on the outer rim of the bronze krater. In this sense, they are reminiscent of the zw|~a encountered earlier on the clothes from the Caucasus, the breastplate of Amasis, and also those on Egyptian buildings. The huge size of the krater, in combination with its being made of bronze, a valuable material, suggests accomplished craftsmanship. 505 These two characteristics justify its use as a diplomatic gift intended for a king, and its subsequent dedication at the Samian Heraion, which is consistent with the long tradition of rich votive gifts (e.g., tripods and cauldrons) at sanctuaries. Further, the fact that the commissioners of this krater were Lacedaemonians accords well with the prominent position that Laconia is thought to have held in the production of bronze vessels during the Archaic period. 506 Herodotus uses the word plh&santej, which derives from the verb pi/mplhmi, meaning “to fill,” to indicate a Laconian preference for covering the outer rim with zw|&dia. 507 Plh&santej gives the impression of a densely covered surface, thus suggesting abundant decoration and intricate craftsmanship. The plural zw|di/wn, which 504 9 LSJ , 758, s.v. zw|&dion; also for –idion as a standard suffix of neutral diminutives, see Smyth, Greek Grammar 235. 505 De Sélincourt and Marincola, Herodotus. The Histories 31, suggest five hundred gallons; for a detailed discussion of calculating the capacity of the krater and equated it with 7800 liters, see A. Rumpf, “Krath&r Lakwniko&j,” in K. Schauenburg, ed., Charites. Festschrift für E. Langlotz (Bonn, 1957) 131. For bronze as a valuable material of vessels, among them kraters, see C. Rolley, tr. R. Howell, Greek Bronzes (London, 1986) 140; for a discussion of bronze as a costly material for vessels in the fifth century, and also the higher status of bronze-smiths in comparison to that of potters, see M. Vickers and D. Gill, Artful Crafts: Ancient Greek Silverware and Pottery (Oxford, 1994) 98-99. 506 According to C. M. Stibbe, The Sons of Hephaistos: Aspects of the Archaic Greek Bronze Industry (Rome, 2000) XIII, n. 3, Laconia was “the leading Greek centre for bronze working in the first half of the sixth century.” For a discussion of both fictile and bronze examples of Lakonian mixing bowls, see also his study, Laconian Mixing Bowls: A History of the Krater Lakonikos from the Seventh to the Fifth Century B.C. (Amsterdam, 1989). 507 Blakesley, Herodotus, with a Commentary 52 translates the term as “filled up.” Similarly, Sheets, Herodotus, Book 1 34, traces plh&santej to the verb pi/mplhmi, which means “to fill.” 269
Page 1 and 2:
The Judgment of Animals in Classica
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the meaning of the term zw|~on—us
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Table of Contents Acknowledgments .
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Section 2 a. Dogs Stealing and Gobb
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Acknowledgements First and foremost
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Introduction It is generally though
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of their art while maintaining awar
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connection between animals and life
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Chapter three, “The Classical Gre
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turn, shaped by contemporary ideas
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with the animal kingdom. 5 Regardin
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The examples just cited show that r
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studying freestanding statues of li
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particular, has dominated twentieth
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Regarding classical antiquity, the
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their grip, for a “tooth” on ea
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discussion of the sculpture to whic
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them. Consequently the Athenians wi
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subjects on the basis of which arti
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of the later (Hellenistic) developm
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The theory that naturalism played t
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we have seen or sensed in the past,
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valued criterion of judging works o
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more accurate observation and rende
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judged by the ancient Greeks? As su
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is still central to his argument, b
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wars, the symmetry of their tense p
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Archaic and Classical phases, follo
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the acquired skill of craftsmanship
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prevalence of naturalism in his vie
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The statement shows clearly that Bo
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of Kollytos in the Athenian Keramei
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Having expressed this idea, he pres
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5. Not Naturalism and Realism. The
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animals, but rather highlights thei
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instead of a message highlights the
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quality of Cleiton’s statues, or,
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valuable guide to the ancient inter
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importance of these notions in defi
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made of bronze, if Myron had worked
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first century A.D., the statue pres
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lifelikeness of the statue, in quit
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Wilt thou not lead me into the hous
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a real animal might act in the real
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The fourth epigram, an anonymous, a
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In the fourth epigram, also an anon
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mistaken a bronze cow for a real on
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The statue proclaims its lifelikene
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and the man leading it, and the wom
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orrowed voice, the boundary between
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oundary between lifeless art and re
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had made a success of that as well,
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eference to the error of the Pliny
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form of equine connoisseurship resp
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Chapter 2: Representations of Anima
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markers of both sexes.” 138 He ca
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little in the way of explanation. I
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een noted, a confluence of three di
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The Possibility of Influence from B
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“in the later fifth and fourth ce
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speaking of the style of Classical
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It is perhaps Xenophon’s use of t
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William Brown suggests that this pa
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the expense of realism, or to a com
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B.C. 178 Although not described in
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inconsistent style. That of Vermeul
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and degrees in which this combinati
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2. Two Cases Studies: The Lion and
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just as odd a man and the beast doe
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The Motif of the Lion Holding the H
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ehavior, the description of Hector
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Despite its unclear authorship and
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animals and have the softest hair;
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with it. He provides this descripti
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Further, Willemsen’s observation
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The body of the Kerameikos hound ap
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that the author of the Physiognomic
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Those [animals] who have thin lips
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knowledge of the dog mating with ot
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serve their arrangement in Classica
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Chapter 3: The Classical Greek Cont
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SECTION 1 a. Dogs Living in the Hou
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eferring first to the human family
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Aristotle’s Politics, so pervasiv
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that of a dog: his location on the
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In contrast to this suggestion, Joh
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Aeschylus’s intention to liken th
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thing is possible then,” said I,
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If anyone’s out of bread but has
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c. Molossian Dogs as Guardians of t
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incident, Aegeas was a ferocious Mo
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Aristotle indicates that Molossian
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untrustworthy animal. So pervasive
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the dog’s stealing of food within
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mythological dogs, such as those of
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Cleon of embezzling money while cam
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Although not provoked by the act of
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Apart from labeling dogs as indiscr
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190 B.C.), and cited in Athenaeus
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Detienne and Vernant that wisdom an
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egarding mh~tij, the canine behavio
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e. The Savage Nature of Dogs Histor
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The textual evidence discussed in t
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efers to some countries as consumer
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living together with humans brings
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example, states that “these lines
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and thus poor men. 317 On the basis
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with dog flesh. 322 Further, on the
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flesh as medicinal food notwithstan
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ordinary food, but is not connected
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2. Disease of the Back Similar to t
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ensured only if one is willing to
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The literary evidence contained in
Page 227 and 228: practice of eating dog meat indicat
Page 229 and 230: product of an artistic process,”
Page 231 and 232: Georgopapadakos. 344 On the basis o
Page 233 and 234: that is Friendship. They made her k
Page 235 and 236: assume that they referred to images
Page 237 and 238: the meaning of zw|~on in the fifth
Page 239 and 240: tendency not to distinguish between
Page 241 and 242: zw|~a. Thus, they translate the fir
Page 243 and 244: econstructed as five consecutive fr
Page 245 and 246: To conclude the discussing of Herod
Page 247 and 248: Turning to zw|~a, one sees that Her
Page 249 and 250: With regard to the modern definitio
Page 251 and 252: Regarding modern translations of zw
Page 253 and 254: length of the causeway was 5 sta&di
Page 255 and 256: The fragment was initially assigned
Page 257 and 258: estates, whereas the middle part wo
Page 259 and 260: of sand and limestone chips. The po
Page 261 and 262: limestone mantle. 441 Its poor cond
Page 263 and 264: Undoubtedly, these zw|~a did show s
Page 265 and 266: statement accords well with the pro
Page 267 and 268: pyramid in Egypt. Tu&pon is the acc
Page 269 and 270: Herodotus provides further insight
Page 271 and 272: evidence should be also added an Ar
Page 273 and 274: g. The Zw|~a of Mandrocles’ Paint
Page 275 and 276: The passage is instructive for the
Page 277: the representations of enthroned Da
Page 281 and 282: Grene, who says “little figures.
Page 283 and 284: theory has dominated scholarship. 5
Page 285 and 286: iders on horses that gallop to the
Page 287 and 288: inscription is in the form of a hea
Page 289 and 290: The existing blocks that form the b
Page 291 and 292: suggests a distinctive technique of
Page 293 and 294: The same type of information is rec
Page 295 and 296: addition, the inscriptions provide
Page 297 and 298: stone and zw~ia suggests a standard
Page 299 and 300: description for something, and ther
Page 301 and 302: Erechtheion, and also fragments of
Page 303 and 304: uilding, and also marked a technica
Page 305 and 306: Socrates likens the use of colors b
Page 307 and 308: on a surface produced by painting,
Page 309 and 310: outstanding allotment of happiness
Page 311 and 312: indicates that it was a term of gen
Page 313 and 314: government of the state. Four perso
Page 315 and 316: form a group of discussants on the
Page 317 and 318: prominently in Plato’s discussion
Page 319 and 320: “animals,” and Pangle, as “li
Page 321 and 322: general. Trevor Saunders attempts t
Page 323 and 324: And I do not think it is right that
Page 325 and 326: contrasted to the representations o
Page 327 and 328: Aristotle likens the formation of t
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paintings—also connected with zw&
Page 331 and 332:
The third occurrence of the term in
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kaq' au(to_ ei]nai…qew&rhma), and
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temple.” Now the statue [a1galma]
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of real bodies. When this meaning i
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Conclusions Animals are fundamental
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animals—as essential elements of
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scholarly interpretations of the pr
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The literary, epigraphical, and scu
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APPENDIX: TESTIMONIA Note to the re
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Eu)po&lidi tw|~ th~j kwmw|di/aj poi
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with no seal broken in the length o
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ku&nej de\ e0cai/fnhj oi0kouroi\ pe
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17 Anonymous, Anthologia Palatina 9
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26 Anonymous, Anthologia Palatina 9
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33 Antipater of Sidon, Anthologia P
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watches, and when you happen to gap
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ou)de\n ga_r e1rgon h}n a1r' a)qliw
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835 ba&ll' e0j ko&rakaj. toioutoni\
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Prw~ton me\n ou}n to_ a1nw ku&toj a
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xai/rousin a)lla_ th|~ brw&sei, th_
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In Phasis there is a breed of small
Page 373 and 374:
Text and translation: D. M. Balme,
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ou)de\n de\ oi[on eu)nh_ malqakh_ k
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e1ti de\ kai\ eu)w&desi ta_j xei=ra
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μέν[a έν f]ρo[uρ ί k ]do[ς
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λίθος πρὸς ℎο̑ι τ
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the horse and the man appearing beh
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As for dogs, what can I say? In som
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Tou&twn te w}n ei3neken oi9 Lakedai
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Herodotus 2.148 oi9 ga_r e0pestew~t
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asile/a te Darei=on e0n proedri/h|
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110 Hippocrates, De affectionibus i
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Hippocrates, De morbis ii 44.16-44.
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Rub well silphium equal to one grai
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that on the peaks of a mountain fig
Page 401 and 402:
Text and translation: W. R. Paton,
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a)festhko&j. e0ntau~qa e9kate/ra mo
Page 405 and 406:
Text and translation: W. R. Paton,
Page 407 and 408:
The accounts given by all us must b
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a1frona gegone/nai nomoqe/thn, w3st
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The eyes, the most beautiful featur
Page 413 and 414:
153 Pliny 34.72 A.D. I Text and tra
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Another habit of his was when he ha
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for the earth-goddess Hecate, it ha
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dia_ pollw~n de\ o( Qeo&frastoj e0k
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The characteristics of the brave ma
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oi[j ta_ xei/lh lepta_ kai\ e0p' a1
Page 425 and 426:
185 Sophocles, Antigone 198-206 V B
Page 427 and 428:
the taste will make them less incli
Page 429 and 430:
“Cleiton, that your statues of ru
Page 431 and 432:
B. Arntsen, Dog On The Roof…No La
Page 433 and 434:
_____, Early Greek Vase Painting. 1
Page 435 and 436:
A. Campana, “The Origin of the Wo
Page 437 and 438:
_____, “The Greek Images of the G
Page 439 and 440:
E. Fudge, “A Left-Handed Blow: Wr
Page 441 and 442:
M. Haase, Eine Stätte für die Ewi
Page 443 and 444:
W. W. How and J. Wells, A Commentar
Page 445 and 446:
R. G. Kent, Old Persian. Grammar. T
Page 447 and 448:
A. Linzey and T. Regan, eds., Anima
Page 449 and 450:
H. W. Miller, “Aristophanes and M
Page 451 and 452:
_____, “Cario and the New World o
Page 453 and 454:
S. B. Pomeroy, Xenophon. Oeconomicu
Page 455 and 456:
C. Rolley, La tombe princière de V
Page 457 and 458:
W. Smith, ed., Dictionary of Greek
Page 459 and 460:
C. Thorne, “Feeding Behavior of D
Page 461 and 462:
S. Simpson, eds., Pictorial Narrati
Page 463 and 464:
Young, Archaic Marble Sculpture fro
Page 465 and 466:
Fig. 1 Classical statue of a dog fr
Page 467 and 468:
Fig. 4 Classical Inscription from a
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Fig. 7 Classical statue of a lion f
Page 471 and 472:
Fig. 10 The lion of Amphipolis (fou
Page 473 and 474:
Fig. 13 Late Geometric II stand fro
Page 475 and 476:
Fig. 16 Late Archaic Boeotian terra
Page 477 and 478:
Fig. 21 Reconstruction of part of a
Page 479 and 480:
Fig. 24 Capstone of the pyramid of
Page 481 and 482:
Fig. 26 Archaic bronze krater from
Page 483:
Fig. 29 Figure of a horrified femal
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