The Judgment of Animals in Classical Greece: Animal Sculpture and ...

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I’m very grateful to you for this: you’re most obliging. Listen, all of you, and…in silence. Look and see whether the eidolon could [possibly] be more [like] me, this mimema by the Skillful One; it can do everything but talk! Look at these! You see? Yes, come! Come! I bring this offering to the god to ornament his house, my lovely votive picture. It would give my mother a bad time! If she could see it, she’d certainly run shrieking off, thinking it was the son she brought up: so like me is this fellow. Ho there! Look upon the house of the Lord of the Sea, the Shaker of Earth! And let each fasten up the likeness of his handsome face, a truthful messenger, a voiceless herald to keep off travelers; he’ll halt strangers on their way by his terrifying look. Hail, King, hail Poseidon…protector…. 10 Alcidamas, On Those Who Write Written Speeches or On Sophists 1.27 V B.C. Text and translation: J. V. Muir, ed., tr., Alcidamas. The Works and Fragments (Bristol, 2001). h(gou~mai d' ou)de\ lo&gouj di/kaion ei]nai kalei=sqai tou_j gegramme/nouj, a)ll' w3sper ei1dwla kai\ sxh&mata kai\ mimh&mata lo&gwn, kai\ th_n au)th_n kat' au)tw~n ei0ko&twj a2n do&can e1xoimen, h3nper kai\ kata_ tw~n xalkw~n a)ndria&ntwn kai\ liqi/nwn a)galma&twn kai\ gegramme/nwn zw|&wn. w3sper ga_r tau~ta mimh&mata tw~n a)lhqinw~n swma&twn e0sti/, kai\ te/ryin me\n e0pi\ th~j qewri/aj e1xei, xrh~sin d' ou)demi/an tw|~ tw~n a)nqrw&pwn bi/w| paradi/dwsi, to_n au)to_n tro&pon o( gegramme/noj lo&goj, e9ni\ sxh&mati kai\ ta&cei kexrhme/noj, e0k bibli/ou me\n qewrou&menoj e1xei tina_j e0kplh&ceij, e0pi\ de\ tw~n kairw~n a)ki/nhtoj w2n ou)demi/an w)fe/leian toi=j kekthme/noij paradi/dwsin. And I do not think it is right that speeches written down should even be called speeches, but should be thought of as images and patterns and imitations of speeches, and we could reasonably have the same opinion about them as we have about bronze statues and stone monuments and gegramme/nwn zw|&wn (=depictions of animals). For, just as these are imitations of real bodies and give delight to the view, but offer no use in human life, in the same way the written speech, having a single form and arrangement, produces certain striking effects when it is conned from the book, but being fixedly unable to respond to critical moments, if of no use to those who have got hold of it. 11 Alciphron, Epistles III.11 II/III A.D. Text: M.A. Schepers, ed., Alciphronis Rhetoris Epistularum Libri IV (Leipzig, 1905; repr. 1969). Translation: A. Rogers Benner and F. H. Fobes, eds., trs., The Letters of Alciphron, Aelian and Philostratus (Cambridge, Mass. and London, 1990). 9Wrolo&gioj Laxanoqauma&sw| 342
ku&nej de\ e0cai/fnhj oi0kouroi\ perixuqe/ntej a1lloj a)llaxo&qen xalepoi\ kai\ barei=j th_n u(lakh_n e0ph|&esan Molottoi\ kai\ Knw&sioi, u(f' w{n ou)de\n e0kw&luse/ me w(j h)dikhko&ta th_n 1Artemin diespa&sqai me/son, w(j mhde\ ta_ a)krwth&ria ei0j th_n u(sterai/an perileifqh~nai pro_j tafh_n toi=j e9toi/moij ei0j e1leon kai\ sumpa&qeian. Horologius to Lachanothaumasus All of a sudden watchdogs surrounded and attacked me, one on this side, another on that; they were savage and deep-throated, Molossians and Cnosians, and there was nothing to hinder me from being rent asunder by their jaws (as if I had offended Artemis) so thoroughly that not even my hands and feet would remain next day for burial by those who might be prepared to pity and commiserate. Alexis, fr. 220, 221 Kock (Men of Tarentum) IV B.C. See Athenaeus 4.161b-4.161c [72]. 12 Anacreon (?), Anthologia Palatina 9.715 ? I B.C.-A.D. I-VI Text and translation: W. R. Paton, ed., tr., The Greek Anthology III (London and New York, 1915; repr. 1925). Bouko&le, ta_n a)ge/lan po&rrw ne/me, mh_ to_ Mu&rwnoj boi/dion w(j e1mpnoun bousi\ sunecela&sh|j. Herdsman, pasture thy herd far from here, lest taking Myron’s heifer to be alive thou drive it off with the rest. 13 Anacreon (?), Anthologia Palatina 9.716 ? I B.C.-A.D. I-VI Text and translation: W. R. Paton, ed., tr., The Greek Anthology III (London and New York, 1915; repr. 1925). Boi/dion ou) xoa&noij tetupwme/non, a)ll' u(po_ gh&rwj xalkwqe\n sfete/rh| yeu&sato xeiri\ Mu&rwn. Myron pretended this heifer to be the work of his hands, but it was never formed in the mould, but turned into bronze owing to old age. Anaxandrides, fr. 39 Kock (Cities) IV B.C. See Athenaeus 7.299f [73]. 343
Page 1 and 2:
The Judgment of Animals in Classica
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the meaning of the term zw|~on—us
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Table of Contents Acknowledgments .
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Section 2 a. Dogs Stealing and Gobb
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Acknowledgements First and foremost
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Introduction It is generally though
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of their art while maintaining awar
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connection between animals and life
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Chapter three, “The Classical Gre
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turn, shaped by contemporary ideas
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with the animal kingdom. 5 Regardin
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The examples just cited show that r
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studying freestanding statues of li
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particular, has dominated twentieth
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Regarding classical antiquity, the
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their grip, for a “tooth” on ea
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discussion of the sculpture to whic
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them. Consequently the Athenians wi
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subjects on the basis of which arti
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of the later (Hellenistic) developm
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The theory that naturalism played t
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we have seen or sensed in the past,
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valued criterion of judging works o
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more accurate observation and rende
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judged by the ancient Greeks? As su
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is still central to his argument, b
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wars, the symmetry of their tense p
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Archaic and Classical phases, follo
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the acquired skill of craftsmanship
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prevalence of naturalism in his vie
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The statement shows clearly that Bo
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of Kollytos in the Athenian Keramei
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Having expressed this idea, he pres
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5. Not Naturalism and Realism. The
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animals, but rather highlights thei
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instead of a message highlights the
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quality of Cleiton’s statues, or,
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valuable guide to the ancient inter
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importance of these notions in defi
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made of bronze, if Myron had worked
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first century A.D., the statue pres
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lifelikeness of the statue, in quit
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Wilt thou not lead me into the hous
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a real animal might act in the real
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The fourth epigram, an anonymous, a
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In the fourth epigram, also an anon
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mistaken a bronze cow for a real on
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The statue proclaims its lifelikene
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and the man leading it, and the wom
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orrowed voice, the boundary between
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oundary between lifeless art and re
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had made a success of that as well,
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eference to the error of the Pliny
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form of equine connoisseurship resp
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Chapter 2: Representations of Anima
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markers of both sexes.” 138 He ca
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little in the way of explanation. I
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een noted, a confluence of three di
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The Possibility of Influence from B
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“in the later fifth and fourth ce
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speaking of the style of Classical
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It is perhaps Xenophon’s use of t
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William Brown suggests that this pa
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the expense of realism, or to a com
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B.C. 178 Although not described in
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inconsistent style. That of Vermeul
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and degrees in which this combinati
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2. Two Cases Studies: The Lion and
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just as odd a man and the beast doe
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The Motif of the Lion Holding the H
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ehavior, the description of Hector
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Despite its unclear authorship and
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animals and have the softest hair;
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with it. He provides this descripti
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Further, Willemsen’s observation
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The body of the Kerameikos hound ap
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that the author of the Physiognomic
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Those [animals] who have thin lips
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knowledge of the dog mating with ot
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serve their arrangement in Classica
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Chapter 3: The Classical Greek Cont
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SECTION 1 a. Dogs Living in the Hou
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eferring first to the human family
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Aristotle’s Politics, so pervasiv
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that of a dog: his location on the
Page 171 and 172:
In contrast to this suggestion, Joh
Page 173 and 174:
Aeschylus’s intention to liken th
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thing is possible then,” said I,
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If anyone’s out of bread but has
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c. Molossian Dogs as Guardians of t
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incident, Aegeas was a ferocious Mo
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Aristotle indicates that Molossian
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untrustworthy animal. So pervasive
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the dog’s stealing of food within
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mythological dogs, such as those of
Page 191 and 192:
Cleon of embezzling money while cam
Page 193 and 194:
Although not provoked by the act of
Page 195 and 196:
Apart from labeling dogs as indiscr
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190 B.C.), and cited in Athenaeus
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Detienne and Vernant that wisdom an
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egarding mh~tij, the canine behavio
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e. The Savage Nature of Dogs Histor
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The textual evidence discussed in t
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efers to some countries as consumer
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living together with humans brings
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example, states that “these lines
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and thus poor men. 317 On the basis
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with dog flesh. 322 Further, on the
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flesh as medicinal food notwithstan
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ordinary food, but is not connected
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2. Disease of the Back Similar to t
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ensured only if one is willing to
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The literary evidence contained in
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practice of eating dog meat indicat
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product of an artistic process,”
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Georgopapadakos. 344 On the basis o
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that is Friendship. They made her k
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assume that they referred to images
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the meaning of zw|~on in the fifth
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tendency not to distinguish between
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zw|~a. Thus, they translate the fir
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econstructed as five consecutive fr
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To conclude the discussing of Herod
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Turning to zw|~a, one sees that Her
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With regard to the modern definitio
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Regarding modern translations of zw
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length of the causeway was 5 sta&di
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The fragment was initially assigned
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estates, whereas the middle part wo
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of sand and limestone chips. The po
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limestone mantle. 441 Its poor cond
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Undoubtedly, these zw|~a did show s
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statement accords well with the pro
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pyramid in Egypt. Tu&pon is the acc
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Herodotus provides further insight
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evidence should be also added an Ar
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g. The Zw|~a of Mandrocles’ Paint
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The passage is instructive for the
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the representations of enthroned Da
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Herodotus gives no details about th
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Grene, who says “little figures.
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theory has dominated scholarship. 5
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iders on horses that gallop to the
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inscription is in the form of a hea
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The existing blocks that form the b
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suggests a distinctive technique of
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The same type of information is rec
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addition, the inscriptions provide
Page 297 and 298:
stone and zw~ia suggests a standard
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description for something, and ther
Page 301 and 302: Erechtheion, and also fragments of
Page 303 and 304: uilding, and also marked a technica
Page 305 and 306: Socrates likens the use of colors b
Page 307 and 308: on a surface produced by painting,
Page 309 and 310: outstanding allotment of happiness
Page 311 and 312: indicates that it was a term of gen
Page 313 and 314: government of the state. Four perso
Page 315 and 316: form a group of discussants on the
Page 317 and 318: prominently in Plato’s discussion
Page 319 and 320: “animals,” and Pangle, as “li
Page 321 and 322: general. Trevor Saunders attempts t
Page 323 and 324: And I do not think it is right that
Page 325 and 326: contrasted to the representations o
Page 327 and 328: Aristotle likens the formation of t
Page 329 and 330: paintings—also connected with zw&
Page 331 and 332: The third occurrence of the term in
Page 333 and 334: kaq' au(to_ ei]nai…qew&rhma), and
Page 335 and 336: temple.” Now the statue [a1galma]
Page 337 and 338: of real bodies. When this meaning i
Page 339 and 340: Conclusions Animals are fundamental
Page 341 and 342: animals—as essential elements of
Page 343 and 344: scholarly interpretations of the pr
Page 345 and 346: The literary, epigraphical, and scu
Page 347 and 348: APPENDIX: TESTIMONIA Note to the re
Page 349 and 350: Eu)po&lidi tw|~ th~j kwmw|di/aj poi
Page 351: with no seal broken in the length o
Page 355 and 356: 17 Anonymous, Anthologia Palatina 9
Page 357 and 358: 26 Anonymous, Anthologia Palatina 9
Page 359 and 360: 33 Antipater of Sidon, Anthologia P
Page 361 and 362: watches, and when you happen to gap
Page 363 and 364: ou)de\n ga_r e1rgon h}n a1r' a)qliw
Page 365 and 366: 835 ba&ll' e0j ko&rakaj. toioutoni\
Page 367 and 368: Prw~ton me\n ou}n to_ a1nw ku&toj a
Page 369 and 370: xai/rousin a)lla_ th|~ brw&sei, th_
Page 371 and 372: In Phasis there is a breed of small
Page 373 and 374: Text and translation: D. M. Balme,
Page 375 and 376: ou)de\n de\ oi[on eu)nh_ malqakh_ k
Page 377 and 378: e1ti de\ kai\ eu)w&desi ta_j xei=ra
Page 379 and 380: μέν[a έν f]ρo[uρ ί k ]do[ς
Page 381 and 382: λίθος πρὸς ℎο̑ι τ
Page 383 and 384: the horse and the man appearing beh
Page 385 and 386: As for dogs, what can I say? In som
Page 387 and 388: Tou&twn te w}n ei3neken oi9 Lakedai
Page 389 and 390: Herodotus 2.148 oi9 ga_r e0pestew~t
Page 391 and 392: asile/a te Darei=on e0n proedri/h|
Page 393 and 394: 110 Hippocrates, De affectionibus i
Page 395 and 396: Hippocrates, De morbis ii 44.16-44.
Page 397 and 398: Rub well silphium equal to one grai
Page 399 and 400: that on the peaks of a mountain fig
Page 401 and 402: Text and translation: W. R. Paton,
Page 403 and 404:
a)festhko&j. e0ntau~qa e9kate/ra mo
Page 405 and 406:
Text and translation: W. R. Paton,
Page 407 and 408:
The accounts given by all us must b
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a1frona gegone/nai nomoqe/thn, w3st
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The eyes, the most beautiful featur
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153 Pliny 34.72 A.D. I Text and tra
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Another habit of his was when he ha
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for the earth-goddess Hecate, it ha
Page 419 and 420:
dia_ pollw~n de\ o( Qeo&frastoj e0k
Page 421 and 422:
The characteristics of the brave ma
Page 423 and 424:
oi[j ta_ xei/lh lepta_ kai\ e0p' a1
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185 Sophocles, Antigone 198-206 V B
Page 427 and 428:
the taste will make them less incli
Page 429 and 430:
“Cleiton, that your statues of ru
Page 431 and 432:
B. Arntsen, Dog On The Roof…No La
Page 433 and 434:
_____, Early Greek Vase Painting. 1
Page 435 and 436:
A. Campana, “The Origin of the Wo
Page 437 and 438:
_____, “The Greek Images of the G
Page 439 and 440:
E. Fudge, “A Left-Handed Blow: Wr
Page 441 and 442:
M. Haase, Eine Stätte für die Ewi
Page 443 and 444:
W. W. How and J. Wells, A Commentar
Page 445 and 446:
R. G. Kent, Old Persian. Grammar. T
Page 447 and 448:
A. Linzey and T. Regan, eds., Anima
Page 449 and 450:
H. W. Miller, “Aristophanes and M
Page 451 and 452:
_____, “Cario and the New World o
Page 453 and 454:
S. B. Pomeroy, Xenophon. Oeconomicu
Page 455 and 456:
C. Rolley, La tombe princière de V
Page 457 and 458:
W. Smith, ed., Dictionary of Greek
Page 459 and 460:
C. Thorne, “Feeding Behavior of D
Page 461 and 462:
S. Simpson, eds., Pictorial Narrati
Page 463 and 464:
Young, Archaic Marble Sculpture fro
Page 465 and 466:
Fig. 1 Classical statue of a dog fr
Page 467 and 468:
Fig. 4 Classical Inscription from a
Page 469 and 470:
Fig. 7 Classical statue of a lion f
Page 471 and 472:
Fig. 10 The lion of Amphipolis (fou
Page 473 and 474:
Fig. 13 Late Geometric II stand fro
Page 475 and 476:
Fig. 16 Late Archaic Boeotian terra
Page 477 and 478:
Fig. 21 Reconstruction of part of a
Page 479 and 480:
Fig. 24 Capstone of the pyramid of
Page 481 and 482:
Fig. 26 Archaic bronze krater from
Page 483:
Fig. 29 Figure of a horrified femal
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