The Judgment of Animals in Classical Greece: Animal Sculpture and ...

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B. Inscriptions The fifth century is also the period when both the words zw|~on and its diminutive zw|&dion appear for the first time in the epigraphical record. The words occur in direct association with architectural sculpture and carry the meaning of representations of both animate and inanimate subjects taken from the real world. In addition to this meaning, zw|&dion is used in the inscriptions to refer to the distinct method of attaching works of sculpture by rivets to a background. As in the case of the literary texts, the inscriptions indicate that the term zw|~on indicated the absence of a distinction between image and subject. Erechtheion The earliest epigraphical attestation of zw|~on in the fifth century is in the building accounts of the Erechtheion on the Athenian Acropolis. These accounts, which were inscribed on marble stelai, date from 409/8 to 406/5 B.C., and detail the state of the unfinished parts of the building and expenditures for their completion. 544 A fragment of one of these stelai—also known as the Chandler stele—bears an inscription that identifies its date as that of the first prytany of the year 409/8 B.C. 545 The 544 L. D. Caskey, “The Inscriptions,” in J. M. Paton, ed., The Erechtheum (Cambridge, Mass., 1927) 277- 422; also IG I 3 .474-479. 545 For the date of the Chandler stele identified as that of the archonship of Diokles in 409/8 B.C., see Caskey, “The Inscriptions” in Paton, ed., The Erechtheum 283. Caskey (277-321) explains that the Chandler stele comprises six different fragments, which in his discussion are given the numbers II-VII (IG I 3 .474.2). Fragments II, III, IV, and VA are on the obverse of the stele, whereas fragments VB and VII are on the reverse. Fragment II, which is the largest (1.08 m. high, 0.505 m. wide, and 0.09 m. thick) and the one discussed here, was found by Richard Chandler built into the steps of a house on the Acropolis in 1765. Chandler took it to England for the Society of the Dilettanti and later presented it to the British Museum: Caskey, 283; also Ferrari, “The Ancient Temple on the Acropolis at Athens,” AJA 106 (2002) 18, n. 48. Fragment III was found between the Erechtheion and the Parthenon: Caskey, 281; Fragment III was “found in [an] excavation on the Acropolis in 1836 (Ross) and re-discovered between the Erechtheum and the Parthenon in 1838 (Pittakis)”: Caskey, 284; Fragments IV, V, and VI are of unknown provenance: Caskey, 276
inscription is in the form of a heading followed by a text arranged in two columns. The heading (lines 1-7) records the names of a board of commissioners and their appointment to compile a report on the state of construction of the building. The columnar text details the incomplete parts of the building, and the materials lying on the site and inventoried by the commissioners. The beginning of the first column (lines 8-39) concerns unfinished parts “of the temple” (line 8), such as the wall blocks, wall-capital, and epistyle “at the corner towards the Cecropium” (line 9). 546 The text continues with the following four lines: All the rest of the work round about begins with the Eleusinian stone against which the zw~ia (are to be fastened), and three blocks of it have been placed under the present commissioners. (IG I 3 . 474 [fr. II, col. I, 40-43]) [85] Lacey Caskey translates the term zw~ia, which is the plural nominative of zw|~on, as “figures.” 547 The Eleusinian stone against which (pro&j w{i) these zw~ia were to be placed has been identified with the bluish-black limestone of the frieze of both the cella and the north porch of the Erechtheion, specifically, its smooth background blocks. 548 Of 284, 285 and 319 respectively; Fragment VII was found in an excavation east of the Propylaea on the Acropolis in 1835: Caskey, 319. 546 Caskey, “The Inscriptions,” in Paton, ed., The Erechtheum 301, identifies the corner of the temple towards the Cecropium with the southwest corner of the Erechtheion, on the basis of evidence that, in other parts of the inscription (col. I, 58, 63, 83), the Porch of the Maidens, which is built against the west end of its south wall, is referred to as the prostasis that looks “towards the Cecropium.” On the basis of additional literary and epigraphical evidence, Ferrari, “The Ancient Temple” 21, understands the reference of the inscription to the corner of the temple towards the Cecropium to mean the northwestern corner of the archaic temple of Athena Polias, which has been identified with the poros temple discovered by Wilhelm Dörpfeld in 1885 to the south of the Erechtheion. Central to Ferrari’s thesis is the argument, 17, that the Pandroseum, Cecropium, and Erechtheion were parts of the temenos of the temple of Athena Polias, which was sacked in the Persian attack of 480 B.C., but once repaired, continued to stand and function until the second century A.D., when Pausanias (1.27.1) described it; based on this argument, she suggests, 21, that the Erechtheion was “an ornate and elegant appendage to the temple of the Polias.” 547 Caskey, “The Inscriptions,” in Paton, ed., The Erechtheum 289. 548 For a discussion of the dark stone used for the blocks that formed the background of the frieze of the Erechtheion, see J. M. Paton, “Notes on the Construction of the Erechtheum,” in Paton, ed, The Erechtheum 181, n. 4; L. T. Shoe, “Dark Stone in Greek Architecture,” Hesperia Supplement 8 (1949) 347- 348; also B. S. Ridgway, Prayers in Stone. Greek Architectural Sculpture Ca. 600-100 B.C. (Berkeley, 277
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The Judgment of Animals in Classica
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the meaning of the term zw|~on—us
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Table of Contents Acknowledgments .
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Section 2 a. Dogs Stealing and Gobb
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Acknowledgements First and foremost
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Introduction It is generally though
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of their art while maintaining awar
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connection between animals and life
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Chapter three, “The Classical Gre
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turn, shaped by contemporary ideas
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with the animal kingdom. 5 Regardin
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The examples just cited show that r
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studying freestanding statues of li
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particular, has dominated twentieth
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Regarding classical antiquity, the
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their grip, for a “tooth” on ea
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discussion of the sculpture to whic
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them. Consequently the Athenians wi
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subjects on the basis of which arti
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of the later (Hellenistic) developm
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The theory that naturalism played t
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we have seen or sensed in the past,
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valued criterion of judging works o
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more accurate observation and rende
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judged by the ancient Greeks? As su
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is still central to his argument, b
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wars, the symmetry of their tense p
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Archaic and Classical phases, follo
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the acquired skill of craftsmanship
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prevalence of naturalism in his vie
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The statement shows clearly that Bo
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of Kollytos in the Athenian Keramei
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Having expressed this idea, he pres
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5. Not Naturalism and Realism. The
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animals, but rather highlights thei
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instead of a message highlights the
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quality of Cleiton’s statues, or,
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valuable guide to the ancient inter
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importance of these notions in defi
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made of bronze, if Myron had worked
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first century A.D., the statue pres
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lifelikeness of the statue, in quit
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Wilt thou not lead me into the hous
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a real animal might act in the real
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The fourth epigram, an anonymous, a
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In the fourth epigram, also an anon
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mistaken a bronze cow for a real on
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The statue proclaims its lifelikene
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and the man leading it, and the wom
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orrowed voice, the boundary between
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oundary between lifeless art and re
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had made a success of that as well,
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eference to the error of the Pliny
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form of equine connoisseurship resp
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Chapter 2: Representations of Anima
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markers of both sexes.” 138 He ca
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little in the way of explanation. I
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een noted, a confluence of three di
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The Possibility of Influence from B
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“in the later fifth and fourth ce
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speaking of the style of Classical
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It is perhaps Xenophon’s use of t
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William Brown suggests that this pa
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the expense of realism, or to a com
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B.C. 178 Although not described in
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inconsistent style. That of Vermeul
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and degrees in which this combinati
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2. Two Cases Studies: The Lion and
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just as odd a man and the beast doe
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The Motif of the Lion Holding the H
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ehavior, the description of Hector
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Despite its unclear authorship and
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animals and have the softest hair;
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with it. He provides this descripti
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Further, Willemsen’s observation
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The body of the Kerameikos hound ap
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that the author of the Physiognomic
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Those [animals] who have thin lips
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knowledge of the dog mating with ot
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serve their arrangement in Classica
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Chapter 3: The Classical Greek Cont
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SECTION 1 a. Dogs Living in the Hou
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eferring first to the human family
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Aristotle’s Politics, so pervasiv
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that of a dog: his location on the
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In contrast to this suggestion, Joh
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Aeschylus’s intention to liken th
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thing is possible then,” said I,
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If anyone’s out of bread but has
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c. Molossian Dogs as Guardians of t
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incident, Aegeas was a ferocious Mo
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Aristotle indicates that Molossian
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untrustworthy animal. So pervasive
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the dog’s stealing of food within
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mythological dogs, such as those of
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Cleon of embezzling money while cam
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Although not provoked by the act of
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Apart from labeling dogs as indiscr
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190 B.C.), and cited in Athenaeus
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Detienne and Vernant that wisdom an
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egarding mh~tij, the canine behavio
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e. The Savage Nature of Dogs Histor
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The textual evidence discussed in t
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efers to some countries as consumer
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living together with humans brings
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example, states that “these lines
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and thus poor men. 317 On the basis
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with dog flesh. 322 Further, on the
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flesh as medicinal food notwithstan
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ordinary food, but is not connected
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2. Disease of the Back Similar to t
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ensured only if one is willing to
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The literary evidence contained in
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practice of eating dog meat indicat
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product of an artistic process,”
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Georgopapadakos. 344 On the basis o
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that is Friendship. They made her k
Page 235 and 236: assume that they referred to images
Page 237 and 238: the meaning of zw|~on in the fifth
Page 239 and 240: tendency not to distinguish between
Page 241 and 242: zw|~a. Thus, they translate the fir
Page 243 and 244: econstructed as five consecutive fr
Page 245 and 246: To conclude the discussing of Herod
Page 247 and 248: Turning to zw|~a, one sees that Her
Page 249 and 250: With regard to the modern definitio
Page 251 and 252: Regarding modern translations of zw
Page 253 and 254: length of the causeway was 5 sta&di
Page 255 and 256: The fragment was initially assigned
Page 257 and 258: estates, whereas the middle part wo
Page 259 and 260: of sand and limestone chips. The po
Page 261 and 262: limestone mantle. 441 Its poor cond
Page 263 and 264: Undoubtedly, these zw|~a did show s
Page 265 and 266: statement accords well with the pro
Page 267 and 268: pyramid in Egypt. Tu&pon is the acc
Page 269 and 270: Herodotus provides further insight
Page 271 and 272: evidence should be also added an Ar
Page 273 and 274: g. The Zw|~a of Mandrocles’ Paint
Page 275 and 276: The passage is instructive for the
Page 277 and 278: the representations of enthroned Da
Page 279 and 280: Herodotus gives no details about th
Page 281 and 282: Grene, who says “little figures.
Page 283 and 284: theory has dominated scholarship. 5
Page 285: iders on horses that gallop to the
Page 289 and 290: The existing blocks that form the b
Page 291 and 292: suggests a distinctive technique of
Page 293 and 294: The same type of information is rec
Page 295 and 296: addition, the inscriptions provide
Page 297 and 298: stone and zw~ia suggests a standard
Page 299 and 300: description for something, and ther
Page 301 and 302: Erechtheion, and also fragments of
Page 303 and 304: uilding, and also marked a technica
Page 305 and 306: Socrates likens the use of colors b
Page 307 and 308: on a surface produced by painting,
Page 309 and 310: outstanding allotment of happiness
Page 311 and 312: indicates that it was a term of gen
Page 313 and 314: government of the state. Four perso
Page 315 and 316: form a group of discussants on the
Page 317 and 318: prominently in Plato’s discussion
Page 319 and 320: “animals,” and Pangle, as “li
Page 321 and 322: general. Trevor Saunders attempts t
Page 323 and 324: And I do not think it is right that
Page 325 and 326: contrasted to the representations o
Page 327 and 328: Aristotle likens the formation of t
Page 329 and 330: paintings—also connected with zw&
Page 331 and 332: The third occurrence of the term in
Page 333 and 334: kaq' au(to_ ei]nai…qew&rhma), and
Page 335 and 336: temple.” Now the statue [a1galma]
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of real bodies. When this meaning i
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Conclusions Animals are fundamental
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animals—as essential elements of
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scholarly interpretations of the pr
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The literary, epigraphical, and scu
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APPENDIX: TESTIMONIA Note to the re
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Eu)po&lidi tw|~ th~j kwmw|di/aj poi
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with no seal broken in the length o
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ku&nej de\ e0cai/fnhj oi0kouroi\ pe
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17 Anonymous, Anthologia Palatina 9
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26 Anonymous, Anthologia Palatina 9
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33 Antipater of Sidon, Anthologia P
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watches, and when you happen to gap
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ou)de\n ga_r e1rgon h}n a1r' a)qliw
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835 ba&ll' e0j ko&rakaj. toioutoni\
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Prw~ton me\n ou}n to_ a1nw ku&toj a
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xai/rousin a)lla_ th|~ brw&sei, th_
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In Phasis there is a breed of small
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Text and translation: D. M. Balme,
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ou)de\n de\ oi[on eu)nh_ malqakh_ k
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e1ti de\ kai\ eu)w&desi ta_j xei=ra
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μέν[a έν f]ρo[uρ ί k ]do[ς
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λίθος πρὸς ℎο̑ι τ
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the horse and the man appearing beh
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As for dogs, what can I say? In som
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Tou&twn te w}n ei3neken oi9 Lakedai
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Herodotus 2.148 oi9 ga_r e0pestew~t
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asile/a te Darei=on e0n proedri/h|
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110 Hippocrates, De affectionibus i
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Hippocrates, De morbis ii 44.16-44.
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Rub well silphium equal to one grai
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that on the peaks of a mountain fig
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Text and translation: W. R. Paton,
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a)festhko&j. e0ntau~qa e9kate/ra mo
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Text and translation: W. R. Paton,
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The accounts given by all us must b
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a1frona gegone/nai nomoqe/thn, w3st
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The eyes, the most beautiful featur
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153 Pliny 34.72 A.D. I Text and tra
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Another habit of his was when he ha
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for the earth-goddess Hecate, it ha
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dia_ pollw~n de\ o( Qeo&frastoj e0k
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The characteristics of the brave ma
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oi[j ta_ xei/lh lepta_ kai\ e0p' a1
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185 Sophocles, Antigone 198-206 V B
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the taste will make them less incli
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“Cleiton, that your statues of ru
Page 431 and 432:
B. Arntsen, Dog On The Roof…No La
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_____, Early Greek Vase Painting. 1
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A. Campana, “The Origin of the Wo
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_____, “The Greek Images of the G
Page 439 and 440:
E. Fudge, “A Left-Handed Blow: Wr
Page 441 and 442:
M. Haase, Eine Stätte für die Ewi
Page 443 and 444:
W. W. How and J. Wells, A Commentar
Page 445 and 446:
R. G. Kent, Old Persian. Grammar. T
Page 447 and 448:
A. Linzey and T. Regan, eds., Anima
Page 449 and 450:
H. W. Miller, “Aristophanes and M
Page 451 and 452:
_____, “Cario and the New World o
Page 453 and 454:
S. B. Pomeroy, Xenophon. Oeconomicu
Page 455 and 456:
C. Rolley, La tombe princière de V
Page 457 and 458:
W. Smith, ed., Dictionary of Greek
Page 459 and 460:
C. Thorne, “Feeding Behavior of D
Page 461 and 462:
S. Simpson, eds., Pictorial Narrati
Page 463 and 464:
Young, Archaic Marble Sculpture fro
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Fig. 1 Classical statue of a dog fr
Page 467 and 468:
Fig. 4 Classical Inscription from a
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Fig. 7 Classical statue of a lion f
Page 471 and 472:
Fig. 10 The lion of Amphipolis (fou
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Fig. 13 Late Geometric II stand fro
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Fig. 16 Late Archaic Boeotian terra
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Fig. 21 Reconstruction of part of a
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Fig. 24 Capstone of the pyramid of
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Fig. 26 Archaic bronze krater from
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Fig. 29 Figure of a horrified femal
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