The Judgment of Animals in Classical Greece: Animal Sculpture and ...

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kalindoume/naj kai\ palaiou&saj kai\ mimoume/naj ta_j h(mete/raj e0pisth&maj, ou)d' e0k tou&twn du&nantai gnw~nai th_n paidei/an kai\ th_n e0pime/leian, o3shn e1xei du&namin, ou)d' o3ti tau~ta polu_ a2n qa~tton th_n h(mete/ran fu&sin h2 th_n e0kei/nwn w)felh&seien: But most absurd of all, they [Isocrates’ detractors] behold in the shows which are held year after year lions which are more gentle toward their trainers than some people are toward their benefactors, and bears which dance about and wrestle and imitate our skill, and yet they are not able to judge even from these instances the power which education and training have, nor can they see that human nature will respond more promptly than the animals to the benefits of education. 129 Julian, Prefect of Egypt, Anthologia Palatina 9.738 A.D. VI Text and translation: W. R. Paton, ed., tr., The Greek Anthology III (London and New York, 1915; repr. 1925). 0En boi6 ta|~d' e0ma&xonto Fu&sij kai\ po&tnia Te/xna: a)mfote/raij de\ Mu&rwn i]son o1passe ge/raj: derkome/noij me\n ga_r Fu&sioj kra&toj h3rpase Te/xna: au)ta_r e0faptome/noij h( Fu&sij e0sti\ fu&sij. Nature and Queen Art strove in the matter of this cow, and Myron gave to each a prize of equal value. When one looks at it Art robs nature of her superiority, but when one touches it Nature is nature. 130 Julian, Prefect of Egypt, Anthologia Palatina 9.739 A.D. VI Text and translation: W. R. Paton, ed., tr., The Greek Anthology III (London and New York, 1915; repr. 1925). 1Hpafe kai\ se\ mu&wpa Mu&rwn, o3ti ke/ntron e0rei/deij pleurai=j xalkoxu&toij a)ntitu&poio boo&j. ou) ne/mesij de\ mu&wpi. ti/ ga_r to&son; ei1 ge kai\ au)tou_j o)fqalmou_j nome/wn h)pero&peuse Mu&rwn. Myron deceived thee too, gadfly, that thou plungest thy sting into the hard flanks of the bronze cow. But the gadfly is excusable. What wonder! when Myron deceived even the eyes of the herdsmen. 131 Leonidas of Tarentum, Anthologia Palatina 9.719 III B.C. 390
Text and translation: W. R. Paton, ed., tr., The Greek Anthology III (London and New York, 1915; repr. 1925). Ou)k e1plase/n me Mu&rwn, e0yeu&sato: boskome/nan de\ e0c a)ge/laj e0la&saj dh~se ba&sei liqi/nw|. Myron did not mould me; he lied; but driving me from the herd where I was feeding, he fixed me to a stone base. 132 Macedonius the Consul, Anthologia Palatina 6.175 A.D. I (?) Text and translation: W. R. Paton, ed., tr., The Greek Anthology I (Cambridge, Mass. and London, 1916; repr. 1927). To_n ku&na, to_n pa&shj kraterh~j e0pii/dmona qh&rhj, e1cese me\n Leu&kwn, a1nqeto d' 0Alkime/nhj. 0Alkime/nhj d' ou)x eu{re, ti/ me/myetai: w(j d' i1d' o(moi/hn ei0ko&na pantoi/w| sxh&mati fainome/nhn, kloio_n e1xwn pe/laj h}lqe, le/gwn Leu&kwni keleu&ein tw|~ kuni\ kai\ bai/nein: pei=qe ga_r w(j u(la&wn. This dog trained in every kind of hunting, was carved by Leucon, and dedicated by Alcimenes. Alcimenes had no fault to find, but when he saw the statue resembling the dog in every feature he came up to it, with a collar, bidding Leucon to order the dog to walk, for as it looked to be barking, it persuaded him it could walk too. 133 Marcus Argentarius, Anthologia Palatina 9.732 I B.C. Text and translation: W. R. Paton, ed., tr., The Greek Anthology III (London and New York, 1915; repr. 1925). Bouko&lon h2n e0si/dh|j to_n e0mo&n, ce/ne, tou~t' e1poj au)tw|~ ei]pon, o3q' o( pla&sthj w{de/ m' e1dhse Mu&rwn. Stranger, if thou seest my herdsman, give him this message, that the sculptor Myron tied me up here. 134 Nemesianus, Cynegetica 151-156 A.D. III Text and translation: J. W. Duff and A. M. Duff, eds., trs., Minor Latin Poets II (Cambridge, Mass. and London, 1934; rev. ed. 1935; repr. 1982). hos igitur genetrice simul iam vere sereno 391
Page 1 and 2:
The Judgment of Animals in Classica
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the meaning of the term zw|~on—us
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Table of Contents Acknowledgments .
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Section 2 a. Dogs Stealing and Gobb
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Acknowledgements First and foremost
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Introduction It is generally though
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of their art while maintaining awar
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connection between animals and life
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Chapter three, “The Classical Gre
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turn, shaped by contemporary ideas
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with the animal kingdom. 5 Regardin
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The examples just cited show that r
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studying freestanding statues of li
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particular, has dominated twentieth
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Regarding classical antiquity, the
Page 31 and 32:
their grip, for a “tooth” on ea
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discussion of the sculpture to whic
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them. Consequently the Athenians wi
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subjects on the basis of which arti
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of the later (Hellenistic) developm
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The theory that naturalism played t
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we have seen or sensed in the past,
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valued criterion of judging works o
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more accurate observation and rende
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judged by the ancient Greeks? As su
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is still central to his argument, b
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wars, the symmetry of their tense p
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Archaic and Classical phases, follo
Page 57 and 58:
the acquired skill of craftsmanship
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prevalence of naturalism in his vie
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The statement shows clearly that Bo
Page 63 and 64:
of Kollytos in the Athenian Keramei
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Having expressed this idea, he pres
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5. Not Naturalism and Realism. The
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animals, but rather highlights thei
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instead of a message highlights the
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quality of Cleiton’s statues, or,
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valuable guide to the ancient inter
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importance of these notions in defi
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made of bronze, if Myron had worked
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first century A.D., the statue pres
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lifelikeness of the statue, in quit
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Wilt thou not lead me into the hous
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a real animal might act in the real
Page 89 and 90:
The fourth epigram, an anonymous, a
Page 91 and 92:
In the fourth epigram, also an anon
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mistaken a bronze cow for a real on
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The statue proclaims its lifelikene
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and the man leading it, and the wom
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orrowed voice, the boundary between
Page 101 and 102:
oundary between lifeless art and re
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had made a success of that as well,
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eference to the error of the Pliny
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form of equine connoisseurship resp
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Chapter 2: Representations of Anima
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markers of both sexes.” 138 He ca
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little in the way of explanation. I
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een noted, a confluence of three di
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The Possibility of Influence from B
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“in the later fifth and fourth ce
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speaking of the style of Classical
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It is perhaps Xenophon’s use of t
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William Brown suggests that this pa
Page 127 and 128:
the expense of realism, or to a com
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B.C. 178 Although not described in
Page 131 and 132:
inconsistent style. That of Vermeul
Page 133 and 134:
and degrees in which this combinati
Page 135 and 136:
2. Two Cases Studies: The Lion and
Page 137 and 138:
just as odd a man and the beast doe
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The Motif of the Lion Holding the H
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ehavior, the description of Hector
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Despite its unclear authorship and
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animals and have the softest hair;
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with it. He provides this descripti
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Further, Willemsen’s observation
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The body of the Kerameikos hound ap
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that the author of the Physiognomic
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Those [animals] who have thin lips
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knowledge of the dog mating with ot
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serve their arrangement in Classica
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Chapter 3: The Classical Greek Cont
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SECTION 1 a. Dogs Living in the Hou
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eferring first to the human family
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Aristotle’s Politics, so pervasiv
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that of a dog: his location on the
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In contrast to this suggestion, Joh
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Aeschylus’s intention to liken th
Page 175 and 176:
thing is possible then,” said I,
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If anyone’s out of bread but has
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c. Molossian Dogs as Guardians of t
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incident, Aegeas was a ferocious Mo
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Aristotle indicates that Molossian
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untrustworthy animal. So pervasive
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the dog’s stealing of food within
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mythological dogs, such as those of
Page 191 and 192:
Cleon of embezzling money while cam
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Although not provoked by the act of
Page 195 and 196:
Apart from labeling dogs as indiscr
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190 B.C.), and cited in Athenaeus
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Detienne and Vernant that wisdom an
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egarding mh~tij, the canine behavio
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e. The Savage Nature of Dogs Histor
Page 205 and 206:
The textual evidence discussed in t
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efers to some countries as consumer
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living together with humans brings
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example, states that “these lines
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and thus poor men. 317 On the basis
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with dog flesh. 322 Further, on the
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flesh as medicinal food notwithstan
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ordinary food, but is not connected
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2. Disease of the Back Similar to t
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ensured only if one is willing to
Page 225 and 226:
The literary evidence contained in
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practice of eating dog meat indicat
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product of an artistic process,”
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Georgopapadakos. 344 On the basis o
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that is Friendship. They made her k
Page 235 and 236:
assume that they referred to images
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the meaning of zw|~on in the fifth
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tendency not to distinguish between
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zw|~a. Thus, they translate the fir
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econstructed as five consecutive fr
Page 245 and 246:
To conclude the discussing of Herod
Page 247 and 248:
Turning to zw|~a, one sees that Her
Page 249 and 250:
With regard to the modern definitio
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Regarding modern translations of zw
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length of the causeway was 5 sta&di
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The fragment was initially assigned
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estates, whereas the middle part wo
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of sand and limestone chips. The po
Page 261 and 262:
limestone mantle. 441 Its poor cond
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Undoubtedly, these zw|~a did show s
Page 265 and 266:
statement accords well with the pro
Page 267 and 268:
pyramid in Egypt. Tu&pon is the acc
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Herodotus provides further insight
Page 271 and 272:
evidence should be also added an Ar
Page 273 and 274:
g. The Zw|~a of Mandrocles’ Paint
Page 275 and 276:
The passage is instructive for the
Page 277 and 278:
the representations of enthroned Da
Page 279 and 280:
Herodotus gives no details about th
Page 281 and 282:
Grene, who says “little figures.
Page 283 and 284:
theory has dominated scholarship. 5
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iders on horses that gallop to the
Page 287 and 288:
inscription is in the form of a hea
Page 289 and 290:
The existing blocks that form the b
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suggests a distinctive technique of
Page 293 and 294:
The same type of information is rec
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addition, the inscriptions provide
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stone and zw~ia suggests a standard
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description for something, and ther
Page 301 and 302:
Erechtheion, and also fragments of
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uilding, and also marked a technica
Page 305 and 306:
Socrates likens the use of colors b
Page 307 and 308:
on a surface produced by painting,
Page 309 and 310:
outstanding allotment of happiness
Page 311 and 312:
indicates that it was a term of gen
Page 313 and 314:
government of the state. Four perso
Page 315 and 316:
form a group of discussants on the
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prominently in Plato’s discussion
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“animals,” and Pangle, as “li
Page 321 and 322:
general. Trevor Saunders attempts t
Page 323 and 324:
And I do not think it is right that
Page 325 and 326:
contrasted to the representations o
Page 327 and 328:
Aristotle likens the formation of t
Page 329 and 330:
paintings—also connected with zw&
Page 331 and 332:
The third occurrence of the term in
Page 333 and 334:
kaq' au(to_ ei]nai…qew&rhma), and
Page 335 and 336:
temple.” Now the statue [a1galma]
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of real bodies. When this meaning i
Page 339 and 340:
Conclusions Animals are fundamental
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animals—as essential elements of
Page 343 and 344:
scholarly interpretations of the pr
Page 345 and 346:
The literary, epigraphical, and scu
Page 347 and 348:
APPENDIX: TESTIMONIA Note to the re
Page 349 and 350: Eu)po&lidi tw|~ th~j kwmw|di/aj poi
Page 351 and 352: with no seal broken in the length o
Page 353 and 354: ku&nej de\ e0cai/fnhj oi0kouroi\ pe
Page 355 and 356: 17 Anonymous, Anthologia Palatina 9
Page 357 and 358: 26 Anonymous, Anthologia Palatina 9
Page 359 and 360: 33 Antipater of Sidon, Anthologia P
Page 361 and 362: watches, and when you happen to gap
Page 363 and 364: ou)de\n ga_r e1rgon h}n a1r' a)qliw
Page 365 and 366: 835 ba&ll' e0j ko&rakaj. toioutoni\
Page 367 and 368: Prw~ton me\n ou}n to_ a1nw ku&toj a
Page 369 and 370: xai/rousin a)lla_ th|~ brw&sei, th_
Page 371 and 372: In Phasis there is a breed of small
Page 373 and 374: Text and translation: D. M. Balme,
Page 375 and 376: ou)de\n de\ oi[on eu)nh_ malqakh_ k
Page 377 and 378: e1ti de\ kai\ eu)w&desi ta_j xei=ra
Page 379 and 380: μέν[a έν f]ρo[uρ ί k ]do[ς
Page 381 and 382: λίθος πρὸς ℎο̑ι τ
Page 383 and 384: the horse and the man appearing beh
Page 385 and 386: As for dogs, what can I say? In som
Page 387 and 388: Tou&twn te w}n ei3neken oi9 Lakedai
Page 389 and 390: Herodotus 2.148 oi9 ga_r e0pestew~t
Page 391 and 392: asile/a te Darei=on e0n proedri/h|
Page 393 and 394: 110 Hippocrates, De affectionibus i
Page 395 and 396: Hippocrates, De morbis ii 44.16-44.
Page 397 and 398: Rub well silphium equal to one grai
Page 399: that on the peaks of a mountain fig
Page 403 and 404: a)festhko&j. e0ntau~qa e9kate/ra mo
Page 405 and 406: Text and translation: W. R. Paton,
Page 407 and 408: The accounts given by all us must b
Page 409 and 410: a1frona gegone/nai nomoqe/thn, w3st
Page 411 and 412: The eyes, the most beautiful featur
Page 413 and 414: 153 Pliny 34.72 A.D. I Text and tra
Page 415 and 416: Another habit of his was when he ha
Page 417 and 418: for the earth-goddess Hecate, it ha
Page 419 and 420: dia_ pollw~n de\ o( Qeo&frastoj e0k
Page 421 and 422: The characteristics of the brave ma
Page 423 and 424: oi[j ta_ xei/lh lepta_ kai\ e0p' a1
Page 425 and 426: 185 Sophocles, Antigone 198-206 V B
Page 427 and 428: the taste will make them less incli
Page 429 and 430: “Cleiton, that your statues of ru
Page 431 and 432: B. Arntsen, Dog On The Roof…No La
Page 433 and 434: _____, Early Greek Vase Painting. 1
Page 435 and 436: A. Campana, “The Origin of the Wo
Page 437 and 438: _____, “The Greek Images of the G
Page 439 and 440: E. Fudge, “A Left-Handed Blow: Wr
Page 441 and 442: M. Haase, Eine Stätte für die Ewi
Page 443 and 444: W. W. How and J. Wells, A Commentar
Page 445 and 446: R. G. Kent, Old Persian. Grammar. T
Page 447 and 448: A. Linzey and T. Regan, eds., Anima
Page 449 and 450: H. W. Miller, “Aristophanes and M
Page 451 and 452:
_____, “Cario and the New World o
Page 453 and 454:
S. B. Pomeroy, Xenophon. Oeconomicu
Page 455 and 456:
C. Rolley, La tombe princière de V
Page 457 and 458:
W. Smith, ed., Dictionary of Greek
Page 459 and 460:
C. Thorne, “Feeding Behavior of D
Page 461 and 462:
S. Simpson, eds., Pictorial Narrati
Page 463 and 464:
Young, Archaic Marble Sculpture fro
Page 465 and 466:
Fig. 1 Classical statue of a dog fr
Page 467 and 468:
Fig. 4 Classical Inscription from a
Page 469 and 470:
Fig. 7 Classical statue of a lion f
Page 471 and 472:
Fig. 10 The lion of Amphipolis (fou
Page 473 and 474:
Fig. 13 Late Geometric II stand fro
Page 475 and 476:
Fig. 16 Late Archaic Boeotian terra
Page 477 and 478:
Fig. 21 Reconstruction of part of a
Page 479 and 480:
Fig. 24 Capstone of the pyramid of
Page 481 and 482:
Fig. 26 Archaic bronze krater from
Page 483:
Fig. 29 Figure of a horrified femal
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