The Judgment of Animals in Classical Greece: Animal Sculpture and ...

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le/gousi de\ ta_j me\n Lakai/naj e0c a)lwpe/kwn to_ a)rxai=on kai\ kunw~n genome/naj klhqh~nai a)lwpeki/daj, ta_j d' 9Urkana_j e0k kunw~n kai\ leo&ntwn, kai\ klhqh~nai leontomigei=j. They say that the Laconians, originally bred from foxes and dogs, were called “Vulpines,” and the Hyrcanians were bred from dogs and lions and were called “Leonines.” 164 Pollux, Onomasticon 5.39 A.D. II Text: E. Bethe, ed., Pollucis Onomasticon (Lexicographi Graeci IX) I (Leipzig, 1900, 1931; repr. Stuggart, 1967). Translation: D. B. Hull, Hounds and Hunting in Ancient Greece (Chicago and London, 1964). w3sper kai\ ta_j Xaoni/daj kai\ Molotti/daj a)pogo&nouj ei]nai/ fhsi kuno&j, o4n 3Hfaistoj e0k xalkou~ Dhmonhsi/ou xalkeusa&menoj, yuxh_n e0nqei/j, dw~ron e1dwke Dii\. The Chaonians and the Molossians are descendants of a dog which Hephaestus forged from Demonesian bronze, put a soul into, and gave to Zeus. 165 Porphyry, De Abstinentia 1.14 A.D. III Text: A. Nauck, Porphyrii philosophi Platonici opuscula selecta (second ed.; Leipzig, 1886; repr. Hildesheim, 1963). Translation: G. Clark, tr., Porphyry. On Abstinence from Killing Animals (Ithaca, New York, 2000). dikai/ou d' o1ntoj tou~ pro_j ta_ qhri/a pole/mou pollw~n a)pexo&meqa tw~n sunanqrwpou&ntwn. o3qen oi9 3Ellhnej ou1te kunofagou~sin ou1q' i3ppouj e0sqi/ousin ou1t' o1nouj. And though the war against the beasts is just, we abstain from many that live with humans. That is why the Greeks do not eat dogs, or horses, or donkeys. 166 Porphyry, De Abstinentia 2.20-2.21 A.D. III (= Empedocles, fr. DK128). (= Theophrastus, fr. 12 Pötscher, [155 Nauck 2 ] (On Piety). Text: A. Nauck, Porphyrii philosophi Platonici opuscula selecta (second ed.; Leipzig, 1886; repr. Hildesheim, 1963). Translation: G. Clark, tr., Porphyry. On Abstinence from Killing Animals (Ithaca, New York, 2000). 408
dia_ pollw~n de\ o( Qeo&frastoj e0k tw~n par' e9ka&stoij patri/wn e0pidei/caj, o3ti to_ palaio_n tw~n qusiw~n dia_ tw~n karpw~n h}n e1t' ei0pw_n pro&teron th~j po&aj lambanome/nhj, kai\ ta_ tw~n spondw~n e0chgei=tai tou~ton to_n tro&pon. ta_ me\n a)rxai=a tw~n i9erw~n nhfa&lia para_ polloi=j h}n, nhfa&lia d' e0sti\n ta_ u(dro&sponda, ta_ de\ meta_ tau~ta meli/sponda: tou~ton ga_r e3toimon para_ melittw~n prw~ton e0la&bomen to_n u(gro_n karpo&n: ei]t' e0laio&sponda: te/loj d' e0pi\ pa~sin ta_ u3steron gegono&ta oi0no&sponda. marturei=tai de\ tau~ta ou) mo&non u(po_ tw~n ku&rbewn, ai4 tw~n Krh&thqe/n ei0si Korubantikw~n i9erw~n oi[on a)nti/grafa a1tta pro_j a)lh&qeian, a)lla_ kai\ par' 0Empedokle/ouj, o4j peri\ th~j qeogoni/aj dieciw_n kai\ peri\ tw~n quma&twn paremfai/nei le/gwn: ou)de/ tij h}n kei/noisin 1Arhj qeo_j ou)de\ Kudoimo_j ou)de\ Zeu_j basileu_j ou)d' o( Kro&noj ou)d' o( Poseidw~n, a)lla_ Ku&prij basi/leia, h3 e0stin h( fili/a: th_n oi3 g' eu)sebe/essin a)ga&lmasin i9la&skonto graptoi=j te zw|&oisi mu&roisi/ te daidaleo&smoij smu&rnhj t' a)kra&tou qusi/aij liba&nou te quw&douj couqw~n te sponda_j melittw~n r(iptou~ntej e0j ou}daj, a3per kai\ nu~n e1ti sw|&zetai par' e0ni/oij oi[on i1xnh tina_ th~j a)lhqei/aj o1nta, tau&rwn d' a)kri/toisi fo&noij ou) deu&eto bwmo&j. Theophrastus uses examples from many ancestral customs of different peoples to show that the ancient form of sacrifice was of crops; he says too that even earlier grass was collected. He also explains libations, as follows. For most people, ancient rites were sober: libations of water are sober, and so are the libations of honey which came after them (for this was the first liquid crop we had to hand, taken from the bees). Then there were libations of oil, and finally, last of all, came libations of wine. Evidence for this comes not only from the kubreis, which are really a kind of transcription of the Corybantic rites from Crete, but also from Empedocles, who comments on sacrifices in expounding his theory: No Ares was to them a god, no Battle-noise, No Zeus was king, no Kronos, no Poseidon: Kypris was queen— that is Friendship. They made her kind with pious images With and with subtle scents, With sacrifice of purest myrrh of frankincense 409
Page 1 and 2:
The Judgment of Animals in Classica
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the meaning of the term zw|~on—us
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Table of Contents Acknowledgments .
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Section 2 a. Dogs Stealing and Gobb
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Acknowledgements First and foremost
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Introduction It is generally though
Page 13 and 14:
of their art while maintaining awar
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connection between animals and life
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Chapter three, “The Classical Gre
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turn, shaped by contemporary ideas
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with the animal kingdom. 5 Regardin
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The examples just cited show that r
Page 25 and 26:
studying freestanding statues of li
Page 27 and 28:
particular, has dominated twentieth
Page 29 and 30:
Regarding classical antiquity, the
Page 31 and 32:
their grip, for a “tooth” on ea
Page 33 and 34:
discussion of the sculpture to whic
Page 35 and 36:
them. Consequently the Athenians wi
Page 37 and 38:
subjects on the basis of which arti
Page 39 and 40:
of the later (Hellenistic) developm
Page 41 and 42:
The theory that naturalism played t
Page 43 and 44:
we have seen or sensed in the past,
Page 45 and 46:
valued criterion of judging works o
Page 47 and 48:
more accurate observation and rende
Page 49 and 50:
judged by the ancient Greeks? As su
Page 51 and 52:
is still central to his argument, b
Page 53 and 54:
wars, the symmetry of their tense p
Page 55 and 56:
Archaic and Classical phases, follo
Page 57 and 58:
the acquired skill of craftsmanship
Page 59 and 60:
prevalence of naturalism in his vie
Page 61 and 62:
The statement shows clearly that Bo
Page 63 and 64:
of Kollytos in the Athenian Keramei
Page 65 and 66:
Having expressed this idea, he pres
Page 67 and 68:
5. Not Naturalism and Realism. The
Page 69 and 70:
animals, but rather highlights thei
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instead of a message highlights the
Page 73 and 74:
quality of Cleiton’s statues, or,
Page 75 and 76:
valuable guide to the ancient inter
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importance of these notions in defi
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made of bronze, if Myron had worked
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first century A.D., the statue pres
Page 83 and 84:
lifelikeness of the statue, in quit
Page 85 and 86:
Wilt thou not lead me into the hous
Page 87 and 88:
a real animal might act in the real
Page 89 and 90:
The fourth epigram, an anonymous, a
Page 91 and 92:
In the fourth epigram, also an anon
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mistaken a bronze cow for a real on
Page 95 and 96:
The statue proclaims its lifelikene
Page 97 and 98:
and the man leading it, and the wom
Page 99 and 100:
orrowed voice, the boundary between
Page 101 and 102:
oundary between lifeless art and re
Page 103 and 104:
had made a success of that as well,
Page 105 and 106:
eference to the error of the Pliny
Page 107 and 108:
form of equine connoisseurship resp
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Chapter 2: Representations of Anima
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markers of both sexes.” 138 He ca
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little in the way of explanation. I
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een noted, a confluence of three di
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The Possibility of Influence from B
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“in the later fifth and fourth ce
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speaking of the style of Classical
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It is perhaps Xenophon’s use of t
Page 125 and 126:
William Brown suggests that this pa
Page 127 and 128:
the expense of realism, or to a com
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B.C. 178 Although not described in
Page 131 and 132:
inconsistent style. That of Vermeul
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and degrees in which this combinati
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2. Two Cases Studies: The Lion and
Page 137 and 138:
just as odd a man and the beast doe
Page 139 and 140:
The Motif of the Lion Holding the H
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ehavior, the description of Hector
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Despite its unclear authorship and
Page 145 and 146:
animals and have the softest hair;
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with it. He provides this descripti
Page 149 and 150:
Further, Willemsen’s observation
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The body of the Kerameikos hound ap
Page 153 and 154:
that the author of the Physiognomic
Page 155 and 156:
Those [animals] who have thin lips
Page 157 and 158:
knowledge of the dog mating with ot
Page 159 and 160:
serve their arrangement in Classica
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Chapter 3: The Classical Greek Cont
Page 163 and 164:
SECTION 1 a. Dogs Living in the Hou
Page 165 and 166:
eferring first to the human family
Page 167 and 168:
Aristotle’s Politics, so pervasiv
Page 169 and 170:
that of a dog: his location on the
Page 171 and 172:
In contrast to this suggestion, Joh
Page 173 and 174:
Aeschylus’s intention to liken th
Page 175 and 176:
thing is possible then,” said I,
Page 177 and 178:
If anyone’s out of bread but has
Page 179 and 180:
c. Molossian Dogs as Guardians of t
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incident, Aegeas was a ferocious Mo
Page 183 and 184:
Aristotle indicates that Molossian
Page 185 and 186:
untrustworthy animal. So pervasive
Page 187 and 188:
the dog’s stealing of food within
Page 189 and 190:
mythological dogs, such as those of
Page 191 and 192:
Cleon of embezzling money while cam
Page 193 and 194:
Although not provoked by the act of
Page 195 and 196:
Apart from labeling dogs as indiscr
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190 B.C.), and cited in Athenaeus
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Detienne and Vernant that wisdom an
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egarding mh~tij, the canine behavio
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e. The Savage Nature of Dogs Histor
Page 205 and 206:
The textual evidence discussed in t
Page 207 and 208:
efers to some countries as consumer
Page 209 and 210:
living together with humans brings
Page 211 and 212:
example, states that “these lines
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and thus poor men. 317 On the basis
Page 215 and 216:
with dog flesh. 322 Further, on the
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flesh as medicinal food notwithstan
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ordinary food, but is not connected
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2. Disease of the Back Similar to t
Page 223 and 224:
ensured only if one is willing to
Page 225 and 226:
The literary evidence contained in
Page 227 and 228:
practice of eating dog meat indicat
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product of an artistic process,”
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Georgopapadakos. 344 On the basis o
Page 233 and 234:
that is Friendship. They made her k
Page 235 and 236:
assume that they referred to images
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the meaning of zw|~on in the fifth
Page 239 and 240:
tendency not to distinguish between
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zw|~a. Thus, they translate the fir
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econstructed as five consecutive fr
Page 245 and 246:
To conclude the discussing of Herod
Page 247 and 248:
Turning to zw|~a, one sees that Her
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With regard to the modern definitio
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Regarding modern translations of zw
Page 253 and 254:
length of the causeway was 5 sta&di
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The fragment was initially assigned
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estates, whereas the middle part wo
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of sand and limestone chips. The po
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limestone mantle. 441 Its poor cond
Page 263 and 264:
Undoubtedly, these zw|~a did show s
Page 265 and 266:
statement accords well with the pro
Page 267 and 268:
pyramid in Egypt. Tu&pon is the acc
Page 269 and 270:
Herodotus provides further insight
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evidence should be also added an Ar
Page 273 and 274:
g. The Zw|~a of Mandrocles’ Paint
Page 275 and 276:
The passage is instructive for the
Page 277 and 278:
the representations of enthroned Da
Page 279 and 280:
Herodotus gives no details about th
Page 281 and 282:
Grene, who says “little figures.
Page 283 and 284:
theory has dominated scholarship. 5
Page 285 and 286:
iders on horses that gallop to the
Page 287 and 288:
inscription is in the form of a hea
Page 289 and 290:
The existing blocks that form the b
Page 291 and 292:
suggests a distinctive technique of
Page 293 and 294:
The same type of information is rec
Page 295 and 296:
addition, the inscriptions provide
Page 297 and 298:
stone and zw~ia suggests a standard
Page 299 and 300:
description for something, and ther
Page 301 and 302:
Erechtheion, and also fragments of
Page 303 and 304:
uilding, and also marked a technica
Page 305 and 306:
Socrates likens the use of colors b
Page 307 and 308:
on a surface produced by painting,
Page 309 and 310:
outstanding allotment of happiness
Page 311 and 312:
indicates that it was a term of gen
Page 313 and 314:
government of the state. Four perso
Page 315 and 316:
form a group of discussants on the
Page 317 and 318:
prominently in Plato’s discussion
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“animals,” and Pangle, as “li
Page 321 and 322:
general. Trevor Saunders attempts t
Page 323 and 324:
And I do not think it is right that
Page 325 and 326:
contrasted to the representations o
Page 327 and 328:
Aristotle likens the formation of t
Page 329 and 330:
paintings—also connected with zw&
Page 331 and 332:
The third occurrence of the term in
Page 333 and 334:
kaq' au(to_ ei]nai…qew&rhma), and
Page 335 and 336:
temple.” Now the statue [a1galma]
Page 337 and 338:
of real bodies. When this meaning i
Page 339 and 340:
Conclusions Animals are fundamental
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animals—as essential elements of
Page 343 and 344:
scholarly interpretations of the pr
Page 345 and 346:
The literary, epigraphical, and scu
Page 347 and 348:
APPENDIX: TESTIMONIA Note to the re
Page 349 and 350:
Eu)po&lidi tw|~ th~j kwmw|di/aj poi
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with no seal broken in the length o
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ku&nej de\ e0cai/fnhj oi0kouroi\ pe
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17 Anonymous, Anthologia Palatina 9
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26 Anonymous, Anthologia Palatina 9
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33 Antipater of Sidon, Anthologia P
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watches, and when you happen to gap
Page 363 and 364:
ou)de\n ga_r e1rgon h}n a1r' a)qliw
Page 365 and 366:
835 ba&ll' e0j ko&rakaj. toioutoni\
Page 367 and 368: Prw~ton me\n ou}n to_ a1nw ku&toj a
Page 369 and 370: xai/rousin a)lla_ th|~ brw&sei, th_
Page 371 and 372: In Phasis there is a breed of small
Page 373 and 374: Text and translation: D. M. Balme,
Page 375 and 376: ou)de\n de\ oi[on eu)nh_ malqakh_ k
Page 377 and 378: e1ti de\ kai\ eu)w&desi ta_j xei=ra
Page 379 and 380: μέν[a έν f]ρo[uρ ί k ]do[ς
Page 381 and 382: λίθος πρὸς ℎο̑ι τ
Page 383 and 384: the horse and the man appearing beh
Page 385 and 386: As for dogs, what can I say? In som
Page 387 and 388: Tou&twn te w}n ei3neken oi9 Lakedai
Page 389 and 390: Herodotus 2.148 oi9 ga_r e0pestew~t
Page 391 and 392: asile/a te Darei=on e0n proedri/h|
Page 393 and 394: 110 Hippocrates, De affectionibus i
Page 395 and 396: Hippocrates, De morbis ii 44.16-44.
Page 397 and 398: Rub well silphium equal to one grai
Page 399 and 400: that on the peaks of a mountain fig
Page 401 and 402: Text and translation: W. R. Paton,
Page 403 and 404: a)festhko&j. e0ntau~qa e9kate/ra mo
Page 405 and 406: Text and translation: W. R. Paton,
Page 407 and 408: The accounts given by all us must b
Page 409 and 410: a1frona gegone/nai nomoqe/thn, w3st
Page 411 and 412: The eyes, the most beautiful featur
Page 413 and 414: 153 Pliny 34.72 A.D. I Text and tra
Page 415 and 416: Another habit of his was when he ha
Page 417: for the earth-goddess Hecate, it ha
Page 421 and 422: The characteristics of the brave ma
Page 423 and 424: oi[j ta_ xei/lh lepta_ kai\ e0p' a1
Page 425 and 426: 185 Sophocles, Antigone 198-206 V B
Page 427 and 428: the taste will make them less incli
Page 429 and 430: “Cleiton, that your statues of ru
Page 431 and 432: B. Arntsen, Dog On The Roof…No La
Page 433 and 434: _____, Early Greek Vase Painting. 1
Page 435 and 436: A. Campana, “The Origin of the Wo
Page 437 and 438: _____, “The Greek Images of the G
Page 439 and 440: E. Fudge, “A Left-Handed Blow: Wr
Page 441 and 442: M. Haase, Eine Stätte für die Ewi
Page 443 and 444: W. W. How and J. Wells, A Commentar
Page 445 and 446: R. G. Kent, Old Persian. Grammar. T
Page 447 and 448: A. Linzey and T. Regan, eds., Anima
Page 449 and 450: H. W. Miller, “Aristophanes and M
Page 451 and 452: _____, “Cario and the New World o
Page 453 and 454: S. B. Pomeroy, Xenophon. Oeconomicu
Page 455 and 456: C. Rolley, La tombe princière de V
Page 457 and 458: W. Smith, ed., Dictionary of Greek
Page 459 and 460: C. Thorne, “Feeding Behavior of D
Page 461 and 462: S. Simpson, eds., Pictorial Narrati
Page 463 and 464: Young, Archaic Marble Sculpture fro
Page 465 and 466: Fig. 1 Classical statue of a dog fr
Page 467 and 468: Fig. 4 Classical Inscription from a
Page 469 and 470:
Fig. 7 Classical statue of a lion f
Page 471 and 472:
Fig. 10 The lion of Amphipolis (fou
Page 473 and 474:
Fig. 13 Late Geometric II stand fro
Page 475 and 476:
Fig. 16 Late Archaic Boeotian terra
Page 477 and 478:
Fig. 21 Reconstruction of part of a
Page 479 and 480:
Fig. 24 Capstone of the pyramid of
Page 481 and 482:
Fig. 26 Archaic bronze krater from
Page 483:
Fig. 29 Figure of a horrified femal
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