The Judgment of Animals in Classical Greece: Animal Sculpture and ...

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these zw|&wn looked like. This evidence again indicates that the term was one of general description for decorative elements of some kind on fabric, a situation that recalls the zw|~a on the clothes from the Caucasus. The word suxnw~n, which modifies zw|&wn and translates as “many,” suggests a busy display of them on the surface of the breastplate. The term e0nufasme/nwn, which also modifies zw|&wn, has been most frequently translated as “woven in.” 449 Stephen Newmyer rightly notes that the term derives from the verb e0nufai/nw, which he explains as “to weave in,” but his translation of e0nufasme/nwn as “embroidered on” is incorrect. 450 The designation of zw|&wn as “woven in” makes certain the connection with weaving and therefore recalls Herodotus’ assertion that the painted, possibly resist-dyed zw|~a on the clothes from the Caucasus also looked as if they had been woven in from the beginning (e0nufanqe/nta a)rxh&n) [99]. Many translations have been assigned to the zw|~a of this passage. Waterfield, for example, maintains that the term refers to “creatures” 451 and Newmyer, to “animals.” 452 In partial agreement with him are also De Sélincourt and Marincola, who prefer “figures of animals.” 453 Godley, in contrast, and also Grene, and Macaulay and Lateiner suggest that the term should be translated as “figures.” 454 Herodotus’ description of the breastplate indicates that it was an object of exquisite materials and of elaborate workmanship. The breastplate, he states, was made of linen and presented as a gift of the Egyptian king Amasis to the Lacedaemonians. His 449 Waterfield, Herodotus 189; Grene, The History. Herodotus 232; Godley, Herodotus 61; De Sélincourt and Marincola, Herodotus. The Histories 191; Macaulay and Lateiner, The Histories. Herodotus 158; LSJ 9 , 579 s.v. e0nufai/nw. 450 Newmyer, Herodotus 28. 451 Waterfield, Herodotus. The Histories 189; for the modern confusion between ancient weaving and embroidery, see A. J. B. Wace, “Weaving or Embroidery?” AJA 52 (1948) 51-55. 452 S. T. Newmyer, Herodotus Book III. Commentary (Bryn Mawr, 1986) 28. 453 De Sélincourt and Marincola, Herodotus. The Histories 191. 454 Godley, Herodotus 61; Grene, The History Herodotus 232; Macaulay and Lateiner, The Histories. Herodotus 158. 254
statement accords well with the prominent position that ancient Egypt held in the production of linen, and therefore points to the high value and exotic origin of the material used. 455 In addition to the zw|~a, the breastplate was decked with gold and ei0ri/oisi a)po_ cu&lou threads—a phrase that is taken to mean “embroidery,” thus pointing to elaborate work. 456 Gold threads also point to valued material. 457 The phrase ei0ri/oisi a)po_ cu&lou, whose literal meaning is “the wool of the tree,” has been interpreted as “cotton.” 458 As Barber suggests, in Herodotus’ era, cotton was a novelty among textiles in the Mediterranean, and so the passage points, most likely to another valued material. 459 Elaborate workmanship along with superior quality are also implied by the fineness of each thread of the linen from which the breastplate was made, and also the extraordinary number of 360 strands comprising each thread. 460 All these details justify Herodotus’ 455 For a discussion of the prominent position of ancient Egypt in the cultivation of flux and production of linen followed by references to visual evidence and archaeological remains, dating as early as the first dynasty, see Barber, Prehistoric Textiles 145-162. 456 Grene, The History. Herodotus 232; Godley, Herodotus 61. 457 For a discussion of golden garments featuring as valued and exceptional pieces in the ancient sources, see Vickers, Images on Textiles 20-22. Gold thread was also used for the production of the trapezoidshaped cloth in which were wrapped the cremated remains of a female found in a larnax in the antechamber of the late fourth-century tomb II at Vergina: M. Andronikos, Vergina: The Royal Tombs and the Ancient City (Athens, 1984) 192, 195, figs. 156-157; also S. Drougou, “Τό ύφασµα της Βεργίνας: Πρώτες παρατηρήσεις,” in ΑΜΗΤΟΣ: Τιµητικός τόµος για τον καθηγητή Μανώλη Ανδρόνικο (Thessaloniki, 1987) 303-323. The same tomb yielded also a breastplate made of iron sheets with lining that preserves remnants of cloth and leather, and external decoration in the form of bands and lions’ heads in real gold. Its gold decoration may provide a parallel to what the gold embroidery on Herodotus’ breastplate might have looked like. For this breastplate, see Andronikos, Vergina 138-139, figs. 95-96, and 140-144. 458 For the translation of the phrase as “cotton,” see Newmyer, Herodotus 28; Grene, The History. Herodotus 232. Reference to trees producing wool is also made in Herodotus’ description of India (3.106): “There are also wild trees there which produce a kind of wool which is more attractive and of better quality than sheep’s wool, and which is used by the Indians for their clothing”; translation: Waterfield, Herodotus. The Histories 213. 459 Barber, Prehistoric Textiles 33, where she also mentions that the site of Trakhones in Attica has yielded a fifth-century example of cotton fabric. 460 A description of the breastplate dedicated to Athena in Lindus with emphasis on the destructive results that the examination of its high quality produced is provided by Pliny, NH 19.12, who says: “this may surprise people who do not know that in a breastplate that belonged to a former king of Egypt named Amasis, preserved in the temple of Minerva at Lindus on the island of Rhodes, each thread consisted of 365 separate threads, a fact which Mucianus, who held the consulship three times quite lately, stated that he had proved to be true by investigation, adding that only remnants of the breastplate now survive owing to the 255
Page 1 and 2:
The Judgment of Animals in Classica
Page 3 and 4:
the meaning of the term zw|~on—us
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Table of Contents Acknowledgments .
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Section 2 a. Dogs Stealing and Gobb
Page 9 and 10:
Acknowledgements First and foremost
Page 11 and 12:
Introduction It is generally though
Page 13 and 14:
of their art while maintaining awar
Page 15 and 16:
connection between animals and life
Page 17 and 18:
Chapter three, “The Classical Gre
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turn, shaped by contemporary ideas
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with the animal kingdom. 5 Regardin
Page 23 and 24:
The examples just cited show that r
Page 25 and 26:
studying freestanding statues of li
Page 27 and 28:
particular, has dominated twentieth
Page 29 and 30:
Regarding classical antiquity, the
Page 31 and 32:
their grip, for a “tooth” on ea
Page 33 and 34:
discussion of the sculpture to whic
Page 35 and 36:
them. Consequently the Athenians wi
Page 37 and 38:
subjects on the basis of which arti
Page 39 and 40:
of the later (Hellenistic) developm
Page 41 and 42:
The theory that naturalism played t
Page 43 and 44:
we have seen or sensed in the past,
Page 45 and 46:
valued criterion of judging works o
Page 47 and 48:
more accurate observation and rende
Page 49 and 50:
judged by the ancient Greeks? As su
Page 51 and 52:
is still central to his argument, b
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wars, the symmetry of their tense p
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Archaic and Classical phases, follo
Page 57 and 58:
the acquired skill of craftsmanship
Page 59 and 60:
prevalence of naturalism in his vie
Page 61 and 62:
The statement shows clearly that Bo
Page 63 and 64:
of Kollytos in the Athenian Keramei
Page 65 and 66:
Having expressed this idea, he pres
Page 67 and 68:
5. Not Naturalism and Realism. The
Page 69 and 70:
animals, but rather highlights thei
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instead of a message highlights the
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quality of Cleiton’s statues, or,
Page 75 and 76:
valuable guide to the ancient inter
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importance of these notions in defi
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made of bronze, if Myron had worked
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first century A.D., the statue pres
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lifelikeness of the statue, in quit
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Wilt thou not lead me into the hous
Page 87 and 88:
a real animal might act in the real
Page 89 and 90:
The fourth epigram, an anonymous, a
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In the fourth epigram, also an anon
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mistaken a bronze cow for a real on
Page 95 and 96:
The statue proclaims its lifelikene
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and the man leading it, and the wom
Page 99 and 100:
orrowed voice, the boundary between
Page 101 and 102:
oundary between lifeless art and re
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had made a success of that as well,
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eference to the error of the Pliny
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form of equine connoisseurship resp
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Chapter 2: Representations of Anima
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markers of both sexes.” 138 He ca
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little in the way of explanation. I
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een noted, a confluence of three di
Page 117 and 118:
The Possibility of Influence from B
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“in the later fifth and fourth ce
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speaking of the style of Classical
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It is perhaps Xenophon’s use of t
Page 125 and 126:
William Brown suggests that this pa
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the expense of realism, or to a com
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B.C. 178 Although not described in
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inconsistent style. That of Vermeul
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and degrees in which this combinati
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2. Two Cases Studies: The Lion and
Page 137 and 138:
just as odd a man and the beast doe
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The Motif of the Lion Holding the H
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ehavior, the description of Hector
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Despite its unclear authorship and
Page 145 and 146:
animals and have the softest hair;
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with it. He provides this descripti
Page 149 and 150:
Further, Willemsen’s observation
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The body of the Kerameikos hound ap
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that the author of the Physiognomic
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Those [animals] who have thin lips
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knowledge of the dog mating with ot
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serve their arrangement in Classica
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Chapter 3: The Classical Greek Cont
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SECTION 1 a. Dogs Living in the Hou
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eferring first to the human family
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Aristotle’s Politics, so pervasiv
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that of a dog: his location on the
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In contrast to this suggestion, Joh
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Aeschylus’s intention to liken th
Page 175 and 176:
thing is possible then,” said I,
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If anyone’s out of bread but has
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c. Molossian Dogs as Guardians of t
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incident, Aegeas was a ferocious Mo
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Aristotle indicates that Molossian
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untrustworthy animal. So pervasive
Page 187 and 188:
the dog’s stealing of food within
Page 189 and 190:
mythological dogs, such as those of
Page 191 and 192:
Cleon of embezzling money while cam
Page 193 and 194:
Although not provoked by the act of
Page 195 and 196:
Apart from labeling dogs as indiscr
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190 B.C.), and cited in Athenaeus
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Detienne and Vernant that wisdom an
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egarding mh~tij, the canine behavio
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e. The Savage Nature of Dogs Histor
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The textual evidence discussed in t
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efers to some countries as consumer
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living together with humans brings
Page 211 and 212:
example, states that “these lines
Page 213 and 214: and thus poor men. 317 On the basis
Page 215 and 216: with dog flesh. 322 Further, on the
Page 217 and 218: flesh as medicinal food notwithstan
Page 219 and 220: ordinary food, but is not connected
Page 221 and 222: 2. Disease of the Back Similar to t
Page 223 and 224: ensured only if one is willing to
Page 225 and 226: The literary evidence contained in
Page 227 and 228: practice of eating dog meat indicat
Page 229 and 230: product of an artistic process,”
Page 231 and 232: Georgopapadakos. 344 On the basis o
Page 233 and 234: that is Friendship. They made her k
Page 235 and 236: assume that they referred to images
Page 237 and 238: the meaning of zw|~on in the fifth
Page 239 and 240: tendency not to distinguish between
Page 241 and 242: zw|~a. Thus, they translate the fir
Page 243 and 244: econstructed as five consecutive fr
Page 245 and 246: To conclude the discussing of Herod
Page 247 and 248: Turning to zw|~a, one sees that Her
Page 249 and 250: With regard to the modern definitio
Page 251 and 252: Regarding modern translations of zw
Page 253 and 254: length of the causeway was 5 sta&di
Page 255 and 256: The fragment was initially assigned
Page 257 and 258: estates, whereas the middle part wo
Page 259 and 260: of sand and limestone chips. The po
Page 261 and 262: limestone mantle. 441 Its poor cond
Page 263: Undoubtedly, these zw|~a did show s
Page 267 and 268: pyramid in Egypt. Tu&pon is the acc
Page 269 and 270: Herodotus provides further insight
Page 271 and 272: evidence should be also added an Ar
Page 273 and 274: g. The Zw|~a of Mandrocles’ Paint
Page 275 and 276: The passage is instructive for the
Page 277 and 278: the representations of enthroned Da
Page 279 and 280: Herodotus gives no details about th
Page 281 and 282: Grene, who says “little figures.
Page 283 and 284: theory has dominated scholarship. 5
Page 285 and 286: iders on horses that gallop to the
Page 287 and 288: inscription is in the form of a hea
Page 289 and 290: The existing blocks that form the b
Page 291 and 292: suggests a distinctive technique of
Page 293 and 294: The same type of information is rec
Page 295 and 296: addition, the inscriptions provide
Page 297 and 298: stone and zw~ia suggests a standard
Page 299 and 300: description for something, and ther
Page 301 and 302: Erechtheion, and also fragments of
Page 303 and 304: uilding, and also marked a technica
Page 305 and 306: Socrates likens the use of colors b
Page 307 and 308: on a surface produced by painting,
Page 309 and 310: outstanding allotment of happiness
Page 311 and 312: indicates that it was a term of gen
Page 313 and 314: government of the state. Four perso
Page 315 and 316:
form a group of discussants on the
Page 317 and 318:
prominently in Plato’s discussion
Page 319 and 320:
“animals,” and Pangle, as “li
Page 321 and 322:
general. Trevor Saunders attempts t
Page 323 and 324:
And I do not think it is right that
Page 325 and 326:
contrasted to the representations o
Page 327 and 328:
Aristotle likens the formation of t
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paintings—also connected with zw&
Page 331 and 332:
The third occurrence of the term in
Page 333 and 334:
kaq' au(to_ ei]nai…qew&rhma), and
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temple.” Now the statue [a1galma]
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of real bodies. When this meaning i
Page 339 and 340:
Conclusions Animals are fundamental
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animals—as essential elements of
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scholarly interpretations of the pr
Page 345 and 346:
The literary, epigraphical, and scu
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APPENDIX: TESTIMONIA Note to the re
Page 349 and 350:
Eu)po&lidi tw|~ th~j kwmw|di/aj poi
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with no seal broken in the length o
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ku&nej de\ e0cai/fnhj oi0kouroi\ pe
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17 Anonymous, Anthologia Palatina 9
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26 Anonymous, Anthologia Palatina 9
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33 Antipater of Sidon, Anthologia P
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watches, and when you happen to gap
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ou)de\n ga_r e1rgon h}n a1r' a)qliw
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835 ba&ll' e0j ko&rakaj. toioutoni\
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Prw~ton me\n ou}n to_ a1nw ku&toj a
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xai/rousin a)lla_ th|~ brw&sei, th_
Page 371 and 372:
In Phasis there is a breed of small
Page 373 and 374:
Text and translation: D. M. Balme,
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ou)de\n de\ oi[on eu)nh_ malqakh_ k
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e1ti de\ kai\ eu)w&desi ta_j xei=ra
Page 379 and 380:
μέν[a έν f]ρo[uρ ί k ]do[ς
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λίθος πρὸς ℎο̑ι τ
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the horse and the man appearing beh
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As for dogs, what can I say? In som
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Tou&twn te w}n ei3neken oi9 Lakedai
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Herodotus 2.148 oi9 ga_r e0pestew~t
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asile/a te Darei=on e0n proedri/h|
Page 393 and 394:
110 Hippocrates, De affectionibus i
Page 395 and 396:
Hippocrates, De morbis ii 44.16-44.
Page 397 and 398:
Rub well silphium equal to one grai
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that on the peaks of a mountain fig
Page 401 and 402:
Text and translation: W. R. Paton,
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a)festhko&j. e0ntau~qa e9kate/ra mo
Page 405 and 406:
Text and translation: W. R. Paton,
Page 407 and 408:
The accounts given by all us must b
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a1frona gegone/nai nomoqe/thn, w3st
Page 411 and 412:
The eyes, the most beautiful featur
Page 413 and 414:
153 Pliny 34.72 A.D. I Text and tra
Page 415 and 416:
Another habit of his was when he ha
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for the earth-goddess Hecate, it ha
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dia_ pollw~n de\ o( Qeo&frastoj e0k
Page 421 and 422:
The characteristics of the brave ma
Page 423 and 424:
oi[j ta_ xei/lh lepta_ kai\ e0p' a1
Page 425 and 426:
185 Sophocles, Antigone 198-206 V B
Page 427 and 428:
the taste will make them less incli
Page 429 and 430:
“Cleiton, that your statues of ru
Page 431 and 432:
B. Arntsen, Dog On The Roof…No La
Page 433 and 434:
_____, Early Greek Vase Painting. 1
Page 435 and 436:
A. Campana, “The Origin of the Wo
Page 437 and 438:
_____, “The Greek Images of the G
Page 439 and 440:
E. Fudge, “A Left-Handed Blow: Wr
Page 441 and 442:
M. Haase, Eine Stätte für die Ewi
Page 443 and 444:
W. W. How and J. Wells, A Commentar
Page 445 and 446:
R. G. Kent, Old Persian. Grammar. T
Page 447 and 448:
A. Linzey and T. Regan, eds., Anima
Page 449 and 450:
H. W. Miller, “Aristophanes and M
Page 451 and 452:
_____, “Cario and the New World o
Page 453 and 454:
S. B. Pomeroy, Xenophon. Oeconomicu
Page 455 and 456:
C. Rolley, La tombe princière de V
Page 457 and 458:
W. Smith, ed., Dictionary of Greek
Page 459 and 460:
C. Thorne, “Feeding Behavior of D
Page 461 and 462:
S. Simpson, eds., Pictorial Narrati
Page 463 and 464:
Young, Archaic Marble Sculpture fro
Page 465 and 466:
Fig. 1 Classical statue of a dog fr
Page 467 and 468:
Fig. 4 Classical Inscription from a
Page 469 and 470:
Fig. 7 Classical statue of a lion f
Page 471 and 472:
Fig. 10 The lion of Amphipolis (fou
Page 473 and 474:
Fig. 13 Late Geometric II stand fro
Page 475 and 476:
Fig. 16 Late Archaic Boeotian terra
Page 477 and 478:
Fig. 21 Reconstruction of part of a
Page 479 and 480:
Fig. 24 Capstone of the pyramid of
Page 481 and 482:
Fig. 26 Archaic bronze krater from
Page 483:
Fig. 29 Figure of a horrified femal
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