The Judgment of Animals in Classical Greece: Animal Sculpture and ...

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Proi5etai de\ kai\ th_n fu~san sfo&dra drimei=an kai\ to_ ou}ron e1xon o)smh&n, dio_ w3sper oi9 ku&nej o)sfrai/netai tw~n de/ndrwn: ou)rei= ga_r ai1rwn to_ ske/loj w3sper oi9 ku&nej. The lion is a carnivore like all others that are wild and saw-toothed. Its manner of devouring is violent, and it swallows much of its food without dividing it up, and then goes without food for two or three days: it can do this because it is over-full. It does not drink much. It discharges excrement sparsely: it is voided every other day or at random intervals, and is dry and desiccated like a dog’s. Also the wind that it discharges is very pungent and its urine has a smell; hence the dogs sniff at the trees, for it urinates lifting its leg like dogs. 64 Aristotle, Historia Animalium 606b IV B.C. Text and translation: D. M. Balme, ed., tr., Aristotle XI. History of Animals. Books VII-X (Cambridge, Mass. and London, 1991). 1Eti de\ le/ontej me\n e0n th|~ Eu)rw&ph ma~llon, kai\ th~j 0Eurw&phj e0n tw|~ metacu_ to&pw| tou~ 0Axelw|&ou kai\ Ne/ssou potamou~ mo&non: Whereas lions occur more in Europe (only in fact in that region of Europe that lies between the Achelous and Nessus), leopards on the other hand occur in Asia and not in Europe. 65 Aristotle, Historia Animalium 607a IV B.C. Text and translation: D. M. Balme, ed., tr., Aristotle XI. History of Animals. Books VII-X (Cambridge, Mass. and London, 1991). gi/netai de\ kai\ a1lla e0k mi/cewj mh_ o(mofu&lwn, w3sper kai\ e0n Kurh&nh| oi9 lu&koi mi/sgontai tai=j kusi\ kai\ gennw~si, kai\ e0c a)lw&pekoj kai\ kuno_j oi9 Lakwnikoi/. Fasi\ de\ kai\ e0k tou~ ti/grioj kai\ kuno_j gi/nesqai tou_j 0Indikou&j, ou)k eu)qu_j d' a)ll' e0pi\ th~j tri/thj mi/cewj: to_ ga_r prw~ton gennhqe\n qhriw~dej gi/nesqai/ fasin. 1Agontej de\ desmeu&ousin ei0j ta_j e0rhmi/aj ta_j ku&naj: kai\ pollai\ katesqi/ontai, e0a_n mh_ tu&xh| o)rgw~n pro_j th_n o)xei/an to_ qhri/on. Other animals too are produced from the mixing of different breeds, as in Cyrene the wolves mate with the dogs and generate young, and from fox and dog come the Laconian hounds. They say too that the Indian hounds come from tiger and dog, not immediately, but after the third mating; for they say the first offspring is like a savage beast. They take the bitches to deserted places and tie them up; and many are devoured, if the wild animal does not happen to be excited for mating. 66 Aristotle, Historia Animalium 608a IV B.C. 362
Text and translation: D. M. Balme, ed., tr., Aristotle XI. History of Animals. Books VII-X (Cambridge, Mass. and London, 1991). To_ d' e0n th|~ Molotti/a| ge/noj tw~n kunw~n to_ me\n qhreutiko_n ou)de\n diafe/rei pro_j to_ para_ toi=j a1lloij, to_ d' a)ko&louqon toi=j proba&toij tw|~ mege/qei kai\ th|~ a)ndrei/a| th|~ pro_j ta_ qhri/a. The kind of hounds in Molossia is no different from those elsewhere in respect of hunting, but in shepherding it is superior by reason of size and of courage in facing wild animals. 67 Aristotle, Historia Animalium 629b IV B.C. Text and translation: D. M. Balme, ed., tr., Aristotle XI. History of Animals. Books VII-X (Cambridge, Mass. and London, 1991). 0En de\ tai=j qh&raij o(rw&menoj me\n ou)de/pote feu&gei ou)de\ pth&ssei, a)ll' e0a_n kai\ dia_ plh~qoj a)nagkasqh|~ tw~n qhreuo&ntwn u(pagagei=n ba&dhn u(poxwrei= kai\ kata_ ske/loj, kata_ braxu_ e0pistrefo&menoj: e0a_n me/ntoi e0pila&bhtai dase/oj, feu&gei taxe/wj, e3wj a2n katasth|~ ei0j fanero&n: to&te de\ pa&lin u(pa&gei ba&dhn. 0En de\ toi=j yiloi=j e0a&n pot' a)nagkasqh|~ ei0j fanero_n dia_ to_ plh~qoj feu&gein, tre/xei katatei/naj kai\ ou) phda|~. To_ de\ dro&mhma sunexw~j w3sper kuno&j e0sti katatetame/non: diw&kwn me/ntoi e0pirri/ptei e9auto&n, o3tan h|} plhsi/on. When it [lion] is being hunted, even if it is in view it never runs away nor takes cover, but if it is compelled to withdraw because of the number of hunters it retreats at a walk, step by step, and turning its head at short intervals; nevertheless if it reaches thick cover it runs away fast until it has come into full view; then in again withdraws at a walk. In open country if it has been forced by the crowd to run away into full view, it runs extended and does not leap. The running gait is continuously extended like a hound’s; when it is pursuing, however, it hurls itself on the prey when it is near. 68 Aristotle, Historia Animalium 630a IV B.C. Text and translation: D. M. Balme, ed., tr., Aristotle XI. History of Animals. Books VII-X (Cambridge, Mass. and London, 1991). Feu&gousi d' e0ni/ote katatei/nantej th_n ke/rkon w3sper ku&nej. 1Hdh d' w}ptai le/wn kai\ u(i6 e0piti/qesqai me/llwn, kai\ w(j ei]den a)ntifri/canta, feu&gwn. 1Esti de\ pro_j ta_j plhga_j ei0j me\n ta_ koi=la a)sqenh&j, kata_ de\ to_ a1llo sw~ma de/xetai polla_j kai\ kefalh_n e1xei i0sxura&n. 3Osa d' a2n da&kh| h2 toi=j o1nucin e9lkw&sh|, e0k tw~n e9lkw~n i0xw~rej r(e/ousin w)xroi\ sfo&dra kai\ e0k tw~n e0pide/smwn kai\ spo&ggwn u(p' ou)deno_j duna&menoi e0kklu&zesqai: h( de\ qerapei/a h( au)th_ kai\ tw~n kunodh&ktwn e9lkw~n. 363
Page 1 and 2:
The Judgment of Animals in Classica
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the meaning of the term zw|~on—us
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Table of Contents Acknowledgments .
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Section 2 a. Dogs Stealing and Gobb
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Acknowledgements First and foremost
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Introduction It is generally though
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of their art while maintaining awar
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connection between animals and life
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Chapter three, “The Classical Gre
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turn, shaped by contemporary ideas
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with the animal kingdom. 5 Regardin
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The examples just cited show that r
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studying freestanding statues of li
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particular, has dominated twentieth
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Regarding classical antiquity, the
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their grip, for a “tooth” on ea
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discussion of the sculpture to whic
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them. Consequently the Athenians wi
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subjects on the basis of which arti
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of the later (Hellenistic) developm
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The theory that naturalism played t
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we have seen or sensed in the past,
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valued criterion of judging works o
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more accurate observation and rende
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judged by the ancient Greeks? As su
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is still central to his argument, b
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wars, the symmetry of their tense p
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Archaic and Classical phases, follo
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the acquired skill of craftsmanship
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prevalence of naturalism in his vie
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The statement shows clearly that Bo
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of Kollytos in the Athenian Keramei
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Having expressed this idea, he pres
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5. Not Naturalism and Realism. The
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animals, but rather highlights thei
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instead of a message highlights the
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quality of Cleiton’s statues, or,
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valuable guide to the ancient inter
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importance of these notions in defi
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made of bronze, if Myron had worked
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first century A.D., the statue pres
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lifelikeness of the statue, in quit
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Wilt thou not lead me into the hous
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a real animal might act in the real
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The fourth epigram, an anonymous, a
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In the fourth epigram, also an anon
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mistaken a bronze cow for a real on
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The statue proclaims its lifelikene
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and the man leading it, and the wom
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orrowed voice, the boundary between
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oundary between lifeless art and re
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had made a success of that as well,
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eference to the error of the Pliny
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form of equine connoisseurship resp
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Chapter 2: Representations of Anima
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markers of both sexes.” 138 He ca
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little in the way of explanation. I
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een noted, a confluence of three di
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The Possibility of Influence from B
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“in the later fifth and fourth ce
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speaking of the style of Classical
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It is perhaps Xenophon’s use of t
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William Brown suggests that this pa
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the expense of realism, or to a com
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B.C. 178 Although not described in
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inconsistent style. That of Vermeul
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and degrees in which this combinati
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2. Two Cases Studies: The Lion and
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just as odd a man and the beast doe
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The Motif of the Lion Holding the H
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ehavior, the description of Hector
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Despite its unclear authorship and
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animals and have the softest hair;
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with it. He provides this descripti
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Further, Willemsen’s observation
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The body of the Kerameikos hound ap
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that the author of the Physiognomic
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Those [animals] who have thin lips
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knowledge of the dog mating with ot
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serve their arrangement in Classica
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Chapter 3: The Classical Greek Cont
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SECTION 1 a. Dogs Living in the Hou
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eferring first to the human family
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Aristotle’s Politics, so pervasiv
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that of a dog: his location on the
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In contrast to this suggestion, Joh
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Aeschylus’s intention to liken th
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thing is possible then,” said I,
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If anyone’s out of bread but has
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c. Molossian Dogs as Guardians of t
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incident, Aegeas was a ferocious Mo
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Aristotle indicates that Molossian
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untrustworthy animal. So pervasive
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the dog’s stealing of food within
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mythological dogs, such as those of
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Cleon of embezzling money while cam
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Although not provoked by the act of
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Apart from labeling dogs as indiscr
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190 B.C.), and cited in Athenaeus
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Detienne and Vernant that wisdom an
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egarding mh~tij, the canine behavio
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e. The Savage Nature of Dogs Histor
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The textual evidence discussed in t
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efers to some countries as consumer
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living together with humans brings
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example, states that “these lines
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and thus poor men. 317 On the basis
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with dog flesh. 322 Further, on the
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flesh as medicinal food notwithstan
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ordinary food, but is not connected
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2. Disease of the Back Similar to t
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ensured only if one is willing to
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The literary evidence contained in
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practice of eating dog meat indicat
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product of an artistic process,”
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Georgopapadakos. 344 On the basis o
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that is Friendship. They made her k
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assume that they referred to images
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the meaning of zw|~on in the fifth
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tendency not to distinguish between
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zw|~a. Thus, they translate the fir
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econstructed as five consecutive fr
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To conclude the discussing of Herod
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Turning to zw|~a, one sees that Her
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With regard to the modern definitio
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Regarding modern translations of zw
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length of the causeway was 5 sta&di
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The fragment was initially assigned
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estates, whereas the middle part wo
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of sand and limestone chips. The po
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limestone mantle. 441 Its poor cond
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Undoubtedly, these zw|~a did show s
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statement accords well with the pro
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pyramid in Egypt. Tu&pon is the acc
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Herodotus provides further insight
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evidence should be also added an Ar
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g. The Zw|~a of Mandrocles’ Paint
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The passage is instructive for the
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the representations of enthroned Da
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Herodotus gives no details about th
Page 281 and 282:
Grene, who says “little figures.
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theory has dominated scholarship. 5
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iders on horses that gallop to the
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inscription is in the form of a hea
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The existing blocks that form the b
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suggests a distinctive technique of
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The same type of information is rec
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addition, the inscriptions provide
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stone and zw~ia suggests a standard
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description for something, and ther
Page 301 and 302:
Erechtheion, and also fragments of
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uilding, and also marked a technica
Page 305 and 306:
Socrates likens the use of colors b
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on a surface produced by painting,
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outstanding allotment of happiness
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indicates that it was a term of gen
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government of the state. Four perso
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form a group of discussants on the
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prominently in Plato’s discussion
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“animals,” and Pangle, as “li
Page 321 and 322: general. Trevor Saunders attempts t
Page 323 and 324: And I do not think it is right that
Page 325 and 326: contrasted to the representations o
Page 327 and 328: Aristotle likens the formation of t
Page 329 and 330: paintings—also connected with zw&
Page 331 and 332: The third occurrence of the term in
Page 333 and 334: kaq' au(to_ ei]nai…qew&rhma), and
Page 335 and 336: temple.” Now the statue [a1galma]
Page 337 and 338: of real bodies. When this meaning i
Page 339 and 340: Conclusions Animals are fundamental
Page 341 and 342: animals—as essential elements of
Page 343 and 344: scholarly interpretations of the pr
Page 345 and 346: The literary, epigraphical, and scu
Page 347 and 348: APPENDIX: TESTIMONIA Note to the re
Page 349 and 350: Eu)po&lidi tw|~ th~j kwmw|di/aj poi
Page 351 and 352: with no seal broken in the length o
Page 353 and 354: ku&nej de\ e0cai/fnhj oi0kouroi\ pe
Page 355 and 356: 17 Anonymous, Anthologia Palatina 9
Page 357 and 358: 26 Anonymous, Anthologia Palatina 9
Page 359 and 360: 33 Antipater of Sidon, Anthologia P
Page 361 and 362: watches, and when you happen to gap
Page 363 and 364: ou)de\n ga_r e1rgon h}n a1r' a)qliw
Page 365 and 366: 835 ba&ll' e0j ko&rakaj. toioutoni\
Page 367 and 368: Prw~ton me\n ou}n to_ a1nw ku&toj a
Page 369 and 370: xai/rousin a)lla_ th|~ brw&sei, th_
Page 371: In Phasis there is a breed of small
Page 375 and 376: ou)de\n de\ oi[on eu)nh_ malqakh_ k
Page 377 and 378: e1ti de\ kai\ eu)w&desi ta_j xei=ra
Page 379 and 380: μέν[a έν f]ρo[uρ ί k ]do[ς
Page 381 and 382: λίθος πρὸς ℎο̑ι τ
Page 383 and 384: the horse and the man appearing beh
Page 385 and 386: As for dogs, what can I say? In som
Page 387 and 388: Tou&twn te w}n ei3neken oi9 Lakedai
Page 389 and 390: Herodotus 2.148 oi9 ga_r e0pestew~t
Page 391 and 392: asile/a te Darei=on e0n proedri/h|
Page 393 and 394: 110 Hippocrates, De affectionibus i
Page 395 and 396: Hippocrates, De morbis ii 44.16-44.
Page 397 and 398: Rub well silphium equal to one grai
Page 399 and 400: that on the peaks of a mountain fig
Page 401 and 402: Text and translation: W. R. Paton,
Page 403 and 404: a)festhko&j. e0ntau~qa e9kate/ra mo
Page 405 and 406: Text and translation: W. R. Paton,
Page 407 and 408: The accounts given by all us must b
Page 409 and 410: a1frona gegone/nai nomoqe/thn, w3st
Page 411 and 412: The eyes, the most beautiful featur
Page 413 and 414: 153 Pliny 34.72 A.D. I Text and tra
Page 415 and 416: Another habit of his was when he ha
Page 417 and 418: for the earth-goddess Hecate, it ha
Page 419 and 420: dia_ pollw~n de\ o( Qeo&frastoj e0k
Page 421 and 422: The characteristics of the brave ma
Page 423 and 424:
oi[j ta_ xei/lh lepta_ kai\ e0p' a1
Page 425 and 426:
185 Sophocles, Antigone 198-206 V B
Page 427 and 428:
the taste will make them less incli
Page 429 and 430:
“Cleiton, that your statues of ru
Page 431 and 432:
B. Arntsen, Dog On The Roof…No La
Page 433 and 434:
_____, Early Greek Vase Painting. 1
Page 435 and 436:
A. Campana, “The Origin of the Wo
Page 437 and 438:
_____, “The Greek Images of the G
Page 439 and 440:
E. Fudge, “A Left-Handed Blow: Wr
Page 441 and 442:
M. Haase, Eine Stätte für die Ewi
Page 443 and 444:
W. W. How and J. Wells, A Commentar
Page 445 and 446:
R. G. Kent, Old Persian. Grammar. T
Page 447 and 448:
A. Linzey and T. Regan, eds., Anima
Page 449 and 450:
H. W. Miller, “Aristophanes and M
Page 451 and 452:
_____, “Cario and the New World o
Page 453 and 454:
S. B. Pomeroy, Xenophon. Oeconomicu
Page 455 and 456:
C. Rolley, La tombe princière de V
Page 457 and 458:
W. Smith, ed., Dictionary of Greek
Page 459 and 460:
C. Thorne, “Feeding Behavior of D
Page 461 and 462:
S. Simpson, eds., Pictorial Narrati
Page 463 and 464:
Young, Archaic Marble Sculpture fro
Page 465 and 466:
Fig. 1 Classical statue of a dog fr
Page 467 and 468:
Fig. 4 Classical Inscription from a
Page 469 and 470:
Fig. 7 Classical statue of a lion f
Page 471 and 472:
Fig. 10 The lion of Amphipolis (fou
Page 473 and 474:
Fig. 13 Late Geometric II stand fro
Page 475 and 476:
Fig. 16 Late Archaic Boeotian terra
Page 477 and 478:
Fig. 21 Reconstruction of part of a
Page 479 and 480:
Fig. 24 Capstone of the pyramid of
Page 481 and 482:
Fig. 26 Archaic bronze krater from
Page 483:
Fig. 29 Figure of a horrified femal
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