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unique programmes this changed when from 1988 teacher education for kindergarten and education and care students became integrated into the Colleges of Education (Holmes, 1991). This meant students were being prepared to teach a curriculum which could be adapted for either kindergarten or education and care centres and the division which was present between services previously seen to provide either care or education was abolished (Dalli, 2008). Thus the move towards a national curriculum occurred. It is worth noting that other countries have set in place policies to increase quality in early childhood services and that developing national curriculum “national pedagogical frameworks, have been introduced as a means to foster professional practice” (Urban & Dalli, 2008, p. 131). In September 1990, the Ministry of Education advertised for proposals to develop an early childhood curriculum (Te One, 2003). There were concerns from the early childhood sector that there would be government interference in the curriculum, and that school curriculum would be applied to early childhood education (Dalli, 2008, 2010). Additionally, there was a belief that curriculum needed to be New Zealand based and, therefore, that Te Tiriti o Waitangi should be strongly incorporated (May, 2003). Support was given from the early childhood sector for Helen May and Margaret Carr from the University of Waikato to submit a proposal to write the new curriculum, with the contract being awarded to May and Carr in December 1990. Their remit was “to co-ordinate the development of a curriculum that could embrace a diverse range of early childhood services and cultural perspectives; articulate a philosophy of quality early childhood practice; and make connections with a new national curriculum for schools” (May, 2001, pp. 243-244). The ensuing document, Te Whāriki, is the basis of this thesis. “Te Whāriki‟s construct of childhood revolves around the idea of partnership between Māori and Pākehā to achieve the bicultural vision for New Zealand” (Duhn, 2008, p. 91). As a document it remains unique because early childhood education embraces consultative work with Māori. This represents a paradigm shift from monocultural curriculum to bicultural curriculum. From the outset May and Carr were “committed to producing a document that honoured the Treaty of Waitangi” (Te One, 2003, p. 24). Guidelines for 28
constructing the curriculum were developed (Te One, 2003). One of these was that “consideration of social and cultural context was a major source for the model chosen” (Carr & May, 1993, p. 15). Indeed the document was considered to be ground-breaking because it was “based on socio-cultural principles” (Scrivens, 2005, p. 55). The importance of the socio cultural context of Te Whāriki has also been discussed by other academics (Cullen, 2003; Fleer, 2003; Nuttall & Edwards, 2007; Ritchie, 2002a; Scrivens, 2005). Carr and May set up specialised early childhood working groups and “embarked on an ambitious, fourteen-month consultative exercise that aimed to reflect existing discourses on early childhood in all their diversity” (Te One, 2003, pp. 30-31). In addition the Ministry appointed an Advisory Group whose members were mostly from the early childhood sector who “met regularly for two years to discuss the draft versions” (Te One, 2003, p. 31). By 1991 the draft of a national early childhood curriculum, Te Whāriki (Ministry of Education, 1993), was underway. The idealism of the national early childhood curriculum Te Whāriki can be seen from the beginning of the development process. As there was partnership with Te Kōhanga Reo Trust to produce the separate Māori curriculum sections of the document were written in te reo Māori. This Māori partnership was used to “position the parallel domains for Pākehā, which later became the goals. These were not translations” (Te One, 2003, p. 33). However, they were informed by Māori world views. Carr and May frequently discussed these with Te Kohānga Reo Trust representatives and addressed “how to weave the Māori and Pākehā concepts together” (Te One, 2003, p. 29 citing personal communication by May (nd)). The development of Te Whāriki was intended to affirm current philosophy and practice, and to define overall principles for early childhood education in Aotearoa New Zealand. The Ministry of Education (1996) deemed it important to have a cohesive framework which covered the period from birth to school age. Indeed the purpose of Te Whāriki was to be “a curriculum framework that will form the basis for consistent curriculum and programmes in chartered early childhood education services” (Ministry of Education, 1996, p. 10). 29
Page 1 and 2: Christine Joyce Jenkin SUPPORTING T
Page 3 and 4: 3.4 Ethics ........................
Page 5 and 6: Appendix C: Comparisons of Early Ch
Page 7 and 8: Attestation of Authorship I hereby
Page 9 and 10: It was extremely providential that
Page 11 and 12: Abstract Te Whāriki, the national
Page 13 and 14: Prologue This thesis is the story o
Page 15 and 16: ead in my room. The freedom to be o
Page 17 and 18: were spoken by some families in the
Page 19 and 20: I was drawn towards those methodolo
Page 21 and 22: educational journey, enrolling in a
Page 23 and 24: means that centres which are parent
Page 25 and 26: 1.1 Overview Chapter One: Backgroun
Page 27 and 28: (all the time). It was from these b
Page 29 and 30: lend of the positive workshop dimen
Page 31 and 32: 3. Reality is created in the moment
Page 33 and 34: preparing children for life and Wha
Page 35 and 36: For early childhood teachers in Aot
Page 37 and 38: However, in order to understand Te
Page 39: karakia and waiata. In 1989 the Nat
Page 43 and 44: contributions to decision making”
Page 45 and 46: Principle Three - Whānau Tangata F
Page 47 and 48: traditional rituals that are still
Page 49 and 50: Action development enabled Tiriti-b
Page 51 and 52: contribution of this thesis are rev
Page 53 and 54: language skills and growing cultura
Page 55 and 56: opposed to the notion of bicultural
Page 57 and 58: Secondly, as previous research (Het
Page 59 and 60: iculturalism. It was found that thi
Page 61 and 62: te reo Māori. The Western Canadian
Page 63 and 64: about Tiriti-based curriculum and t
Page 65 and 66: I would argue, therefore, that this
Page 67 and 68: directed by Margaret Carr and Wendy
Page 69 and 70: implement Te Whāriki (May, 2001; N
Page 71 and 72: effective practices, additionally,
Page 73 and 74: was anxious to avoid both the prepa
Page 75 and 76: At first glance there seems to be a
Page 77 and 78: 2.3.2 Philosophy From the start it
Page 79 and 80: The implementation of Te Whāriki e
Page 81 and 82: place to develop an early childhood
Page 83 and 84: particularly relevant for Tiriti-ba
Page 85 and 86: which had also been examined from a
Page 87 and 88: e learnt like a curriculum subject
Page 89 and 90: However, what is occurring in early
Page 91 and 92:
Inuktitut language. Thus, the curri
Page 93 and 94:
welcoming process in building those
Page 95 and 96:
this discussion is “how come you
Page 97 and 98:
ecently, Colbung, Glover, Rau and R
Page 99 and 100:
As already noted, a mixture of meth
Page 101 and 102:
this project my way of thinking was
Page 103 and 104:
early childhood setting. In particu
Page 105 and 106:
these are discussed in Chapter Four
Page 107 and 108:
with the research, either directly
Page 109 and 110:
The first one I read was by Madelin
Page 111 and 112:
do good research is to solve real p
Page 113 and 114:
The issues for these teachers, whic
Page 115 and 116:
The third stage encompasses the des
Page 117 and 118:
esearch cycles, both as method and
Page 119 and 120:
explained why I changed methodology
Page 121 and 122:
Table 3.3 summarises, how ethical p
Page 123 and 124:
opportunity to read reports and dis
Page 125 and 126:
ecause the fieldwork needs to be th
Page 127 and 128:
Despite my concerns about possible
Page 129 and 130:
Study One, which I considered to be
Page 131 and 132:
implemented within early childhood
Page 133 and 134:
However, once I had started the dat
Page 135 and 136:
confidential and therefore, as in C
Page 137 and 138:
even more importantly research proc
Page 139 and 140:
likely be at a different place on t
Page 141 and 142:
discernable. However, as can been s
Page 143 and 144:
approached a local centre that had
Page 145 and 146:
(Oakley, 2000). Further, I assert t
Page 147 and 148:
they haven‟t thought about the is
Page 149 and 150:
The number of questionnaires distri
Page 151 and 152:
curriculum in early childhood centr
Page 153 and 154:
and challenges as they did this - t
Page 155 and 156:
and appreciative inquiry was tape r
Page 157 and 158:
4.3.2.4 Interviews During the analy
Page 159 and 160:
clear to me they would use differen
Page 161 and 162:
4.4.2 Critical Conversations One of
Page 163 and 164:
passionate writing” (Ellis & Boch
Page 165 and 166:
4.4.6 Data Analysis Extracting mean
Page 167 and 168:
Chapter Five: Findings from Within
Page 169 and 170:
Prior to the research, staff had pa
Page 171 and 172:
child-initiated. There was, however
Page 173 and 174:
Although being reliant on Māori te
Page 175 and 176:
Nevertheless, as I discussed in cha
Page 177 and 178:
where she had participated in bicul
Page 179 and 180:
5.3.1 Whanaungatanga The teachers i
Page 181 and 182:
kindergarten fathers responded to t
Page 183 and 184:
5.4 Case Study Three Case Study Thr
Page 185 and 186:
I learnt a lot of Māori - like how
Page 187 and 188:
to incorporate tikanga they had ide
Page 189 and 190:
Similarly, Shani reflected on how p
Page 191 and 192:
as Peggy feeling unsupported in thi
Page 193 and 194:
Well, we made Māori bread the othe
Page 195 and 196:
Chris J: I thought there was a lot
Page 197 and 198:
the extent to which the programme w
Page 199 and 200:
6.2 Information about Questionnaire
Page 201 and 202:
incorporated some idea of partnersh
Page 203 and 204:
eing desirable, understanding what
Page 205 and 206:
6.4.1 Team or Whole-of-centre Appro
Page 207 and 208:
To summarise across the three cases
Page 209 and 210:
Support from someone knowledgeable
Page 211 and 212:
their own whāriki and that this is
Page 213 and 214:
feature of the ideal bicultural cur
Page 215 and 216:
What also encouraged teachers to co
Page 217 and 218:
me, wash your hands, and come here.
Page 219 and 220:
Brodie saw how her initial attempts
Page 221 and 222:
enough in te reo Māori to offer th
Page 223 and 224:
Bring Māori people into the centre
Page 225 and 226:
The following week Alison recorded
Page 227 and 228:
However, for Case Study One teacher
Page 229 and 230:
The emerging point is that sustaini
Page 231 and 232:
did not understand te reo Māori me
Page 233 and 234:
informal discussion about implement
Page 235 and 236:
Not everyone feels confident to del
Page 237 and 238:
We should recognise the important p
Page 239 and 240:
only another of many cultures in Ao
Page 241 and 242:
Chapter Seven: Discussion and Concl
Page 243 and 244:
The second dimension for Tiriti-bas
Page 245 and 246:
ōna tikanga. This thesis has shown
Page 247 and 248:
that was also discussed in chapter
Page 249 and 250:
The success of the three distinct c
Page 251 and 252:
Thus, action development is what I
Page 253 and 254:
noted Te Whāriki lacks specific co
Page 255 and 256:
This continuum depicts movement fro
Page 257 and 258:
fearfulness about making mistakes a
Page 259 and 260:
and Case Study Three respectively w
Page 261 and 262:
which is why it is in the central p
Page 263 and 264:
connecting with indigenous people a
Page 265 and 266:
and understanding. They reasoned th
Page 267 and 268:
education and care centres, the onu
Page 269 and 270:
Similarly to early childhood centre
Page 271 and 272:
Teachers want to include Tiriti-bas
Page 273 and 274:
Committee. Finding a balance in wor
Page 275 and 276:
7.9 The Last Word Early childhood t
Page 277 and 278:
Piritahi Dining room Piupiu Flax sk
Page 279 and 280:
Te Tiriti o Waitangi/ Treaty of Wai
Page 281 and 282:
7. Please put a tick in the box tha
Page 283 and 284:
Appendix B: Te Tiriti o Waitangi (M
Page 285 and 286:
Mana Atua Well-being The health and
Page 287 and 288:
Te Whāriki Goals Reflective Questi
Page 289 and 290:
Appendix D: Ethics Approval 277
Page 291 and 292:
279
Page 293 and 294:
correct te reo Māori me ōna tikan
Page 295 and 296:
Benton, M. (1979). Māori English:
Page 297 and 298:
Cardno, C. (2003). Action research:
Page 299 and 300:
Crotty, M. (1998). Introduction: Th
Page 301 and 302:
Education Review Office (1998). The
Page 303 and 304:
Hansen, J. (2005). On developing an
Page 305 and 306:
Kane, R. (2005). Initial teacher ed
Page 307 and 308:
Revised and expanded from case stud
Page 309 and 310:
Moon, P. (2002). The path to the Tr
Page 311 and 312:
O'Laoire, M. (1996). Developing lan
Page 313 and 314:
Ritchie, J. (2002b). "It's becoming
Page 315 and 316:
Smith, L. T. (1999). Decolonizing m
Page 317 and 318:
Walker, R. (2008). The philosophy o
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