Grove's dictionary of music and musicians

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SONG 569
Rosniiinovaky. Le chant de VE0Jte en Ruitsie. Moscow, 1667-69.
IbLlston, W. R. S. Songa 0/ the Itttssian People, London, 1872.
Cui, C. /.a mutiqtte en Ruasie. Paris, 18S0.
Perepelitzlne. HUtors and Dictionary of JtiaUan Mutio. 1881
Habets, A. Borodin and Lint. London, 1895,
Soubies, A. Hietoire de la musigue en Ruaaie. Paris, 189S.
Milchuievitcb. L'aperpi de Vhiatoire de la muaique en Ruaaie.
Lectures and articles by Mrs. Newmarcb.
See also tbe Russian edition of Riemann's Lexikon with supplement
by J. Engel. Jurgenson, Moscow, 1905.
Extensive worlc has also been done by tbe St. Petersburg Song
Commission of the Imperial Geographical Society, and the
Moscow Musico Ethuograpbic Committee.
'
COLLBCTIOMS
Trontovsky, V. P. ' Russian Songs.' (The first collection.) 1782.
'
Piach, Ivan. Russian Fop. Songs.' St. Peteisburg, 1806 and 1815.
(Introduction by N. A. Lvov.) 1790.
Doppelmair, O. von. ' Russische Volkslieder.' Leipzig, 1809.
'
Goetze, P. 0. v. Stiinmen dea mss. Vollu in Liedern.' Stuttgart,
18*28.
Stanovitch, M. ' Becueil de chants pop. russes.' 1834.
Sakarov, I. P. 'Sougs of tbe Russian People.' St. Fetersbuig,
1838-39.
Kiryeevsky, P. V. 'Russian Folk-Songa.' Moscow, I860,
Rulbaikov, F. N. 'Songs of the Russian People.' St. Petersburg,
1861-67.
EasbiD, D. '115 Russian Kational Songs.' Moscow, 1833, 1841,
1868.
Bernard, M. ' Chants pop. msses.' St. Petersburg, 1868.
Edlichkn. 'Chants Ifationaux de la Fetite-Ruasie.' St. Petersburg,
1868.
Philippuv and Rimsky-Kotsakov. *C!bants nationaux Russes.'
1870.
Hilfering, A. 'Collection of Builini (Bylinas).' 1873.
Frokounin,E., and Tchaikovsky,
' P. Chants pop. msses.' Moscow,
lSi3.
Melgounov, J. 'Russian Folk-Songs.' Moscow, ISTO.
Sokalski, P. P. ' Russian Folk-songs.' Kharkov, 1888.
'
Diontsh, Liaponnov. and Istomiu. Songs of the Russian People.*
St. Petersburg, 1894.
Paltchiuov, N.
' Peasants' Songs.' Moscow, 1896.
Balakirev, M. Recueil de Chants pop. russes.' Leipzig,
Istomine and Nekrasov. ' 50 Chants du peuple russe.'
1898.
St. Petersburg,
1901.
Lineff, Eugenie. 'Feasant Songs of Great Russia' (transcribed from
phonograms). St- Petersburg and London, 1905.
South and other Slavonic Nations
Much that has been said about the national
miisio of Russia would apply also to other
branches of the Slavonic people, i There are,
nevertheless, important variations in the traits
they appear to have in common, and certain
characteristics peculiar to each nation which claim
notice. The remarks will, however, refer chiefly
to the folk-music, as in many of the countries
music remains still in its primitive state, or
can hardly be said to have developed beyond
the stage of national airs ; no musical schools
have been formed, and the composers would
merely be classed under the generic term, Slavonic.
^ But of the beauty and enormous wealth
of the folk-songs in these countries proof has
been afforded by the many and valuable collections
which already exist and yearly increase.
Indigenous to the Ukraine ' is a kind of epic
song of irregular rhythm recited to a slow chant.
These dowmas were originally improvised by
the Bandurists, but these wandering minstrels
are now nearly extinct, and their function has
devolved upon the village women, whoinventboth
the poetry and melodies of the songs which
they sing. Among the peculiarities of these
interesting songs, one is, that if the song ends
on the dominant or lower octave, the last note
of the closing verse is sung very softly, and
then without a break the new verse begins loud
and accented, the only division between the
two being such a shake as described by the
German phrase Bocktriller. This feature is
common also to Cossack songs,* and to the
songs of that Wendic branch of the Slavonic
race which is found in a part of Saxony.
Ex. 1.
Wendic Folk-song.
ST—T/
P
The Wendic songs, except when dance-tunes,
are generally sung tremolando and very slowly.
And the exclamation 'Ha' or 'Hale,' with
which they almost invariably commence, may
Ha ' of the
be compared with the Hoj ' ' or '
Ruthenians and the Ach ' ' of Great Russia.
One of the most popular Ruthenian songs is .
'
Ein Kosakritt, ' better known under the name
of 'Schbne Minka,'^ The superior charm of
the songs of Little Russia is due, for the most
part, to a prevailing cast of melancholy.
Inhabited by a people who vie with the Poles
in susceptibility to poetic sentiment, Little
Russia is naturally rich in songs. The greater
part are in the minor, or based on the Church
scales, of a slow tempo, and frequently with
a halt or drag in the rhythm produced by
shortening the first syllable and prolonging the
second, thus
E^^^.^i^
Croatian peasants, men or women, never use
songs already composed ; they improvise the
words as well as the melodies themselves.
Hence only those songs which sprang from the
people are sung by them." This does not apply
to the ritual songs which have been handed
down by oral tradition for centuries, -and in
which the Croatians are very rich. The following
song is sung at Midsummer as the men
and women leap and dance round the fires
lighted on the hill-tops and call to the heathen
goddess 'Lado.'^
1 Roughly speaking the Slavonic people may be thus divided.
East Slavs ; Great Russians and Little Russians with Ruthenes,
Ukrainian8,and theWhiteRuesians. WestSlavs; Czechs, Slovaks,
Moravians, Poles, and Wends. South Slavs : Slovenes, Croats, Serbs,
and Bulgarians, including Bosnians, nalmatians, and Montenegrins.
^ As for instince Borodin, who is a Georgian composer, is mentioned
under Russia.
3 'Le dialecte de I'OukTalne en est tout different du Russe.
Ce u'est pas un patois, c'est un dialecte constituci, qui possdde nne
brillante lltt^ratnre. C'est surtont la noblesse de Kiev, de la
Volhynie, Podolie qui a subi I'infiuence polonaise ; le monjik de
rOuklAine est resti en dehors de son action par la nature de sa vie,
et surtout par la diffiirence de religion, car il pratique toujouis le
rite grec.' Ur. A. Eonmariage, Jfotea pour la Ruasie d'Ewrope,
p. 430 et aeg.
La.doI Lanlol Bogpomanatomnstanuliepaj'La-doI
* 1110 Don Cossacks are Great Russians, and the Zaparogues
Cossacics are Little Russians. Dr. A. Bonmariage, Notea pour la
Ruaoie d^Europe, p. 417.
5 The music and original words are given in Prach's collection,
and tbe German version in Fink's Mua. Hausachatz, No. 157. See
also ScrOhe Minka.
8 P. Kuha6 in a letter to Mr. Barclay Squire from Agram in 1893.
7 Prom F. Z. Knbacfs article in the 0eaterreichiacli-u7igariscke
Monarchie, vol. vii. p. 110 et seg.
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