Grove's dictionary of music and musicians

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570 SONG
The chief dance -song of the Croatians and
Serbs is the Icolo, of which there are manykinds.
To the oro Jcolo the peasants sing
religions songs ; to the junaiko kolo heroic
ballads ; to the zensko kolo love-aongs ; and to
the Salgivo kolo humorous songs. There is
a marked difference between the town and
village songs. The latter exhibit the traest
Croatian feeling ; the town songs are more
cosmopolitan, and are much influenced by the
wandering Tanburists, who, like the Hungarian
gipsies, sing and play the taiibura
,
(the national
instrument) in taverns.
Since the Illyrian movement of 1835, a
national school of music has arisen in Croatia,
and been fostered by educated musicians of the
country. Previous to this, a Conservatoire of
music had been founded at Agram, but it was
not until 1846, when Vatroslav Lisinski's popular
opera ' Ljubovi zlova ' was given, that
Croatian art -music gained notice. i Lisinski,
Ferdo Livadid, Ferdo Rnsan, Ivan Zajc and his
pupil G. Eisenhuth, the historian V. Klaic, and
the young composer Vilko Novak have contributed
to the lyric music of Croatia. ^ F. Z.
KuhaS's large collection of South Slavonic
folk-songs is of great value. The composer
of the Croatian national anthem, ' Liepa naSa
domovina, ' was an officer named Josip Runjanin.
All the Serb songs are of remarkable beauty
and expressiveness, and although they resemble
the Russian songs as regards their scale and tonality
and the same elastic metre prevails, yet the
melodies are more sustained and flowing. And
1 MvMk in Cyoatien, by PerxJb Miler, p. 174 et seq. in Oest.-wtig.
Man.
2 AJthongU Haydn wa^ a, Croatian by bii-tli and freely osed his
native folfr-Bongs in his inatmmental worliH, he is lightly classed
among German composers. But the remarkable resemblance
'
between his greatest German song, Qott erhalte,' the Austrian
National Hymn, and a folk-song from the Bistritz district of
Croatia cannot be passed over in silence. It lias given rise to
mnch discussion ; see for Instance, H. Beimann and F. Kuhai! in
\Aia AVjgemevneAenatEheMvxikisiZimg,VSS& (Nos. 40-42) ; also Hugo
Conrat's article in DU Mutik, J&n. 1, 1905 ; and Josip Sayd/n, by
Dr. Kuha£. The tune is as follows :
Bx. 3.
-
Stat He Jegem,
0. Fleischer, whilst admitting the resemblance of Haydn's melody
to the folk-song, prefers to tnuie its origin back to the Church,
and quotes many examples of hymns which open with the same
phrase
' ;
as Gott erhalte,' thus
K. i.
Dl es I lao Di - es
from the Franciscan Bequiem ; and
Ex. 5.
kla
gend.
a Stabat Mater from Cftntarium S. Galli, 1845 (see Zwf mrgUichenden
LiedJonBTivmg ; Sammelbdnda of the I.M.G. lii. 2]. See also
Hadow, A Croatian Composer,
among these south-eastern nations the affinity
with the music of the Arabs and other nations
of Western Asia is more often indicated. The
Servian drinking-songs are noticeable ;
grave,
solemn, and devotional, they are quite unlike
those of any other country ; but as among the
Serbs the hymns and secular songs are so
frec[uently intermingled, this may be accounted
for. Most of the Servian and many of the
Bulgarian songs end on the supertonic, as in
the Servian national hvmn :
The Bulgarian songs are also quite irregular in
metre, and far more fragmentary than the
Servian :
Ex.7.
^-^
i^££S^^^
te^=a&J^j^;^g^5^g5fe||
The Bulgarians have a great love for the folklore
of their country, and the volumes of the
Sbornik, which the State publishes yearly,.
contain legends, ballads, and songs with music,
BlBLIOOKAFHV
The best lnfonna,tion on the songs of the above natiouB is
contaiued iu the different volameaof Bie Qetterreickisch^migafrische
JUona/rchie and the prefaces to the collections.
CoiXEcnoHS
lipinski, C. 'Chants dn peuple de GaJlicie.' Lemberg, 1833.
KoUax, J. 'N&rodnie Zpiewanky.' Buda Pest, 1834.
Achazel and Korytho. ' CarDiolian Songs.' 1839.
Faull, I. Z. 'Fie£ae ludu Buskiego w Oalicyi.' Lemberg, 1839-40.
Haupt nnd Schmaler. ' Volkslieder der Wendfen.' Orimma, 1841
KruBlnski, H. 'TheCossacks of the Ukraine.' London, 1848.
Kocipinkim, A. 'CbansoDS pop. russes en Fodolie, I'Ookraine,
etc.* 1862.
Boubetz, A. Chansons ' pop. de I'Oukraine.' Moscow, 1872 ; '
Chansons
pop. petit-mssiens.' St. Petersburg, 18^.
Kuha2, F. Z.
'
Chansons naitioDales des Slaves du Sud.' Agram^
1878-81. (This contains Servian, Dalmatian, Bosnian, Croatian,
etc. songs.)
Chodiko, A. B.
'
Les Chants hlstoriques de rUkraine.' Paris, 1879.
DeVoUan. 'Sutheno-OalicianPolk-songs.' 1885. (Fubl. by Bnssian
Oeog. Soc.)
BtoianoT and Katschow. ' 24 Chansons not^ea (bnlgares).' 18S7.
Kalanz, A. 'Serbische Volksmelodien.' Vienna, 1890.
Vasilev, G. P. '225 Chansons pop, bnlgftres." Tlmovo, 1891.
Tlie publications in the 8bom^ vols, for 1894 and 1897.
Bosiljeva, S. 'Album dea Chansons nationales de la Bosnie.*
Agram, ISS&
Georgewitch, V. E.
'
Mdlodies nationales serbea.' Belgrade, 1896.
Les Chants des Cosaqnes de I'OuraL'
Gemtchonnov, A. and VI.
'
St. Petersburg, 1899.
St»hr, A. 'Album Croatien.'
Das tmuikatische Oeaterreieh contains Croatian, Camiolian, Dalmatian,
and Bosnian Songs. Vienna.
Parlovlc ' Servian Songs.' Agi-am.
Kocor^. 15 Chants nationaux des Sorbes
' Lusaciens.' Prague.
Manteuffel, Gustav. Frelhen- von. ^Deutsche altliTl^ndiBche
Volkslieder.' 1906.
Poland
The songs of the Poles are mainly presented
to us in the form of hymns, or in the form of
their national dance -rhythms. One of the
earliest and most celebrated examples of the
former, dating from the 10th century, is St.
Adalbert's hymn to the Virgin (* Boga Rodzi5a '),
which is engraved in plain-chant on his tomb