Grove's dictionary of music and musicians

—
578 SONG
the old and modern folk-music of their country,
greatly assisted by the Kisfaludy Society, which
was formed for the express purpose. The Eaaber
collection, which is still appearing, must also
be named.
Bibliography
Liazt, F. Die Zigeuner wnd ihre Musik in Unganm. Preabtirg, 1861.
Die Oeat&rreichiseli^wngcerisclie Monarchie ; vol. i. {trngam) contains,
Die MagyarUche VolHadiohtuTig, by M. Jokai ; Die v/ngaritche
PaZtutmitsik tmd die VolJcalieder, by S. Bartalus. 1888.
Vol. lii. Die KirchUche Mimik, by S. Bartalus, and Die WeltUche
Mu^k, by Julius Kdldy. 1893.
(iOetailed accounts of numerous collections of songs are given
in the above articles.)
Soubies, A. Bongrie. {Bttt. de la Mtislque), Paris, 1898.
Korbay, F. NationaUty in MvMc.
Dr. Fressel's account of Hungarian music in vol. xxxvi. of the
Keiie Zeitschrift fiir Musik, fuid the article on Magyar music
in this Dictionary.
{The writer also owes her warmest thanks to M. B^Ia Bartdlc for
information, and for examples from his MS. coUection of folk-songs.)
COLLBCTIONS
Matray, G.
FUredi, M.
' Magyar nipdalok, etc.'
' 100 M^yar BT^pdaL'
Buda-Pest, 1852-59.
Buda-Pest, 1883.
Bartalus, S. '
The Hungarian Orpheus.' 1869. (A collection of
18th and 19th century music, containing many old folk-songs
from the Adam Faloczi-Horvath MS.)
Bartalus, S. 'Magyar niipdalok.' (7 vols.)
GySrfty, J. '50 n^pdal, etc.' Magyar Buda-Pest, 1871.
Laszlo, Arany. 'Magyar nfipkeiWsi gyujt6m6ny.' Buda-Pest,
'
1872-82.
Paides, J., and Demeter, E. Emldk.'
Kalmany, L. ' Szeged n(Spe.' Aradon,
Buda-Pest, 1876.
1881-82, 1892.
•
Goll, J. Enektan polgiri iskolik.' Buda-Pest, 1884-88.
Bomemiszsza, Y. '150 Eordal, etc.' Buda-Pest, 1888.
Berger-Henderson.Mme. 'Album of 16 Hungarian Songs.' London,
1889.
Gt. Tte&k, 'Dalosk(inyvK4Sti5BharomszdIamn,etc.' Buda-Pest, 1892.
Kdldy, G. 'Schittzederaltenungarischen Musik '(1672-1838). Buda-
Ptot, 1892.
VagvBlgyi, B. M. 'NdpdalgyOngyOk.'
Blem^r, Limbay, Bolla G., and Nemesovite, E. 'Magyar dal
Album.' Buda-Pest.
Korbay, F. * '
Hungarian Songs ' and 12 Magyar Songs.'
LiazW, Kiin.
' lOOONtipdalok.' (Still appearing), 1905. ' A Ma^ar
DaL' Buda-Pest, 3 vols. 1906-7.
Palotasy, G.
* 101 Legszehb Magyar Nepdal.' Buda-Pest.
Finland
Finland (Finnish Sitomi) is 'the land of a
thousand lakes,' vast stretches of moors, deep
silent woods, and long dark winters. These
elements and scenery are reflected in the
gloomy, mystical, fantastic yet monotonous
poetry and music of the in - dwellers. No
country is more poetic than Finland, as the
KaUvala proves. This glorious national epic
of nearly 23,000 verses has been transmitted
from generation to generation from long past
ages. The Finns also possess a very large
quantity of lyric songs and ballads ; and to
EHas Lbnnrot (who died in 1884) the credit is
due for having given the nation these two
treasures in a collected form : the national
epics which form the KaUvala and the collection
of lyrics which are entitled the Kanteletar.
The Finnish language, a branch of the
Finnish -Ugric stem, is peculiarly melodious
and full of open vowels. The verse metre is
simple, and consists mostly of trochees, four
times repeated—the last foot being lengthened
in order to mark the close of the line :
hiiwS,
I
kell5 |
kauwS,s
|
kuuliiU
This is the usual explanation of the five-beat
rhythm in the music, which is the commonest
in the old Finnish songs or rimos,^
1 Ru/no or nmoZaulua means 'air' or 'ballad,' and has nothing
to do with the Anglo-Saxon nmes or runic writing-stones.
Ex, 1.
L^^^m
Kawy kasky tai-wa has-ta, KSwy kaaky tai-wa bas-ta,
^^^^^^l^^^i
Kaiken luondon Hal-dl al-da, Kaiken luondon Haldl al-da. ^
Ar-ma - ha
RUNO.
- nl aa • te • lei - si, as
and it is clear that in aiming to make these
melodies agree with their poetry the irregular
and unsymmetrioal 5- or 7 -time did not appear
to the Finns either forced or unnatural.
As in all other national music, the musical
instruments are closely connected with the
melodies of the country. In Finland the oldest
and most popular instrument is the Jcantele, a
kind of lyre or harp with five copper strings
tuned g, a, 6|>, c, d, on which five notes a
large mass of the old runo melodies are formed
(see above example). These melancholy and
monotonous nmolaulua, characterised by constant
repetition, are usually accompanied by
the Icantele. Mention is made in the KaUvala
of this instrument being used to accompany
the songs ; also of the ' sighing verses ' which
in the Runo songs are a refrain of actual realistic
sobbing sighs. Dance tunes &,lso adhere to the
Icantele intervals, and at the same time to the
song-rhythms, as :
Ex. 3.
Some writers, 5 however, deny that this instrument
had so great an influence on the old
Finnish tunes, and contend that as vocal music
is older than instrumental, it is more probable
that the melodies were based on the pentatonic
scale. A further proof of this theory is that
the Finnish-Ugric race is of Asiatic origin.
The Kanteletar is a large collection of lyrics
and ballads. These songs reflect the restrained
melancholy of the national character ; they are
fuU of deep feeling and tenderness, and absolutely
natural and spontaneous. A few of these
lyric songs are to be found in 5 -time, though
this time is chiefly confined to the old sacred
folk-songs, and more especially to the ancient
rmw melodies. In common with other folk-
2 nmari Krohn, in an article entitled De la mem/re & dng tempa
dans la muslgue popuiaire FhmoUe, Satnmettdnde of the Int, Miifl.
Ges. li. 1. 1900, consldera that the above example (which la a type
of the Kalevata melodies) is wrongly noted, and suggests two alter*
native metrical schemes.
3 See Engel, Iniroduciion to tlie SttuHy of National, 3ftcsio, p. 69
etseg.