Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design - Webs

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The Use and Design of Passive Circuit Elements in IC Technologies Figure 5.27 Basic model of transformer. vias to decrease the effective series resistance. This will increase the Q, but at the expense of increased capacitance to the substrate and a resultant decrease in self-resonant frequency. This technique is of benefit for small inductors for which the substrate loss is not dominant and that are at low enough frequency, safely away from the self-resonant frequency. The second method is to connect two or more layers in series. This results in increased inductance for the same area or allows the same inductance to be realized in a smaller area. A drawing of a two-level inductor is shown in Figure 5.29. Note that the fluxes through the two windings will reinforce one another and the total inductance of the structure will be L top + L bottom + 2M in this case. If perfect coupling is assumed and the inductors are of equal size, then this gives 4L. In general, this is a factor of n 2 more inductance, where n is the number of levels. Thus, this is a way to get larger inductance without using as much chip area. To determine the capacitance associated with the inductor, we consider the top and bottom spirals as two plates of a capacitor with total distributed capacitance C 1 [17]. In addition, we consider the bottom spiral and the substrate to form a distributed capacitance C 2. Now the total equivalent capacitance of the structure can be approximated. First, note that if a voltage V1 is applied across the terminals of the inductor, the voltage across C 1 will go from V 1 at the terminals down to zero at the via. Similarly, the voltage across C 2 will go from zero at the terminal (assuming this point is grounded) to V 1/2 at the via. 125
126 Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design Figure 5.28 Determining dot placement: (a) arbitrary current flow; (b) direction of flux; (c) secondary current flow that adds to the flux; and (d) dot placement. Thus, the total energy stored in C 1 is E C 1 = 1 2 C 1V 2 1 � 1 0 (1 − x) 2 dx = 1 C 1 2 3 V 2 1 (5.25) where x is a dummy variable representing the normalized length of the spiral. Note that V1(1 − x) is an approximation to the voltage across C 1 at any point along the spiral. Thus, the equivalent capacitance of C 1 is C eq1 = C 1 3 (5.26)
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Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit
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Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit
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Contents Foreword xv Acknowledgment
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Contents 3.8 Base Shot Noise Discus
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Contents 5.25 Packaging 135 5.25.1
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Contents 7.12 General Design Commen
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Contents 9.5 Some Simple Image Reje
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Foreword I enjoyed reading this boo
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Foreword estimates of parasitic cap
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xx Radio Frequency Integrated Circu
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2 Radio Frequency Integrated Circui
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2 Issues in RFIC Design, Noise, Lin
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Issues in RFIC Design, Noise, Linea
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The input noise is Issues in RFIC D
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2.5 Filtering Issues Issues in RFIC
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3 A Brief Review of Technology 3.1
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A Brief Review of Technology IC = I
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3.4 Small-Signal Model A Brief Revi
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3.6 High-Frequency Effects A Brief
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A Brief Review of Technology If thi
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A Brief Review of Technology Soluti
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A Brief Review of Technology 3.8 Ba
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A Brief Review of Technology • Pi
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A Brief Review of Technology 3.16,
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A Brief Review of Technology The tr
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4 Impedance Matching 4.1 Introducti
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Impedance Matching Z 2 = Z in + j
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Figure 4.5 A Smith chart. Impedance
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4.3 Impedance Matching Impedance Ma
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Impedance Matching Figure 4.9 Which
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Impedance Matching Figure 4.11 Lowp
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176 Radio Frequency Integrated Circ
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Voltage-Controlled Oscillators back
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I C_AVE = 1 Voltage-Controlled Osci
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Voltage-Controlled Oscillators Loop
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Voltage-Controlled Oscillators freq
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Voltage-Controlled Oscillators Figu
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Voltage-Controlled Oscillators from
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Voltage-Controlled Oscillators [10]
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10 Power Amplifiers 10.1 Introducti
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Power Amplifiers where G is the pow
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Power Amplifiers Figure 10.4 Optima
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Power Amplifiers Figure 10.8 Power
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Power Amplifiers Figure 10.9 Curren
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Power Amplifiers The efficiency is
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Power Amplifiers sinusoid), this pe
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Power Amplifiers Note that this agr
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Power Amplifiers stabilization. The
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Power Amplifiers Solution The first
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Power Amplifiers Figure 10.22 Class
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Figure 10.24 Class E waveforms. Pow
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Power Amplifiers B = 0.1836 0.81Q R
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Power Amplifiers Figure 10.25 Initi
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Power Amplifiers added to the funda
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Power Amplifiers 10.8.1 Variation o
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Example 10.4 Class F Power Amplifie
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Figure 10.36 Class H amplifier. Pow
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Power Amplifiers ered quite good. O
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Power Amplifiers Figure 10.39 Time-
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Figure 10.42 High-Q matching circui
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Figure 10.44 Multiple transistors.
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Power Amplifiers Figure 10.48 Combi
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Power Amplifiers have very narrow b
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Power Amplifiers Figure 10.53 Feedf
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Power Amplifiers in class A (input
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About the Authors John Rogers recei
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Index 1-dB compression point, 30-32
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Index Damped resonator, 247-48 Emit
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Index Local oscillator, 5 Mixing co
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Index Quadrature phase shift keying
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