Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design - Webs

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R E = re� v IP3 2vT� 2/3 LNA Design 546 mV − re = 5��2 � 25 mV� 2/3 − 5� = 19.6� This is a rough estimate for what the linearity should be. Also, there are many other factors that can limit the linearity of the circuit. We will start with R E = 20�. The gain can also be found now. Knowing that we want 12 dB of voltage gain means a gain of 4 V/V. We will assume that the buffer has a voltage gain A BO of about 0.9 (they will always have a bit of loss). Thus, the load resistance can be obtained: G = R L A R E + re BO ⇒ R L = G (R A E + re ) = BO 4 (20� + 5�) ≈ 115� 0.9 Now we need to set the feedback resistor. Knowing that the input impedance needs to be 75� (we approximate that the input impedance is R f divided by the gain), Z in ≈ R f R L R E + re ⇒ R f = Z inRL R E + r e = 75� �115� 20� + 5� = 345� The other thing that must be set is the value of C f . Since the LNA must operate down to 50 MHz, this capacitor will have to be fairly large. At 50 MHz, if it has an impedance that is 1/20th of R f , then this would make it approximately 50 pF. We will start with this value. It can be refined in simulation later. The only thing left to do in this example is to size the transistors. With all the feedback around this design, the transistors will have a much smaller bearing on the noise figure than in a tuned LNA. Thus, we will make the input transistor fairly large (60 �m) and the other two transistors will be sized to be 30 �m fairly arbitrarily. Having high f T is important, but in a 50-GHz process, this will probably not be an issue. The other last detail that needs to be addressed is the bias level at the base of Q 2. Given that the emitter of Q 1 is at 100 mV, the base will have to sit at about 1V. The collector of Q 1 should be higher than this, for example, about 1.2V. This means that the base of Q 2 will need to be at about 2.2V, and since its collector will sit at about 2.7V, this transistor will have plenty of headroom. The noise figure of this design can now be estimated. First, the noise voltage produced by the source resistance is 191
192 Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design vns = √ 4kTR S = √ 4 � (4 � 10−21 ) � 75� = 1.1 nV/√ Hz Since the input is matched, this voltage is divided by half to the input of the driver transistor and then sees the full voltage gain of the amplifier. Thus, the noise at the output due to the source resistance is vo(source) = 1 2 vnsG = 1 � 1.1 nV/√Hz � 4 = 2.2 nV/√Hz 2 The current produced by the degeneration resistor is in E = √ 4kT R E = √ 4 � (4 � 10 −21 ) 20� = 28.3 pA/√ Hz This current is split between the degeneration resistor and the emitter of the driver transistor. The fraction that enters the driver transistor develops into a voltage at the collector of the cascode transistor and is then passed to the output through the follower: von = i E nE �� R E re + R E� R L � A BO = 28.3 pA/√Hz �� 20� � 115� �0.9 5� + 20�� = 2.3 nV/√ Hz If we assume that the source resistance and the emitter degeneration resistor are the two dominant noise sources, then the noise figure is v 2 � ons = 10 log��2.3nV/√Hz�2 2 + �2.2nV/√Hz� � 2 �2.2nV/√Hz� NF = 10 log� v 2 on E + v 2 ons = 3.2 dB The performance of this design is now verified by simulation. The voltage gain is shown in Figure 6.38 and is between 12.3 and 12.4 dB over the frequency
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Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit
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Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit
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Contents Foreword xv Acknowledgment
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Contents 3.8 Base Shot Noise Discus
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Contents 5.25 Packaging 135 5.25.1
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Contents 7.12 General Design Commen
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Contents 9.5 Some Simple Image Reje
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Foreword I enjoyed reading this boo
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Foreword estimates of parasitic cap
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xx Radio Frequency Integrated Circu
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2 Radio Frequency Integrated Circui
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2 Issues in RFIC Design, Noise, Lin
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Issues in RFIC Design, Noise, Linea
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The input noise is Issues in RFIC D
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2.5 Filtering Issues Issues in RFIC
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3 A Brief Review of Technology 3.1
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A Brief Review of Technology IC = I
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3.4 Small-Signal Model A Brief Revi
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3.6 High-Frequency Effects A Brief
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A Brief Review of Technology If thi
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A Brief Review of Technology Soluti
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A Brief Review of Technology 3.8 Ba
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A Brief Review of Technology • Pi
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A Brief Review of Technology 3.16,
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A Brief Review of Technology The tr
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4 Impedance Matching 4.1 Introducti
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Impedance Matching Z 2 = Z in + j
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Figure 4.5 A Smith chart. Impedance
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4.3 Impedance Matching Impedance Ma
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Impedance Matching Figure 4.9 Which
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Impedance Matching Figure 4.11 Lowp
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Impedance Matching section, convers
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Impedance Matching Much as in the p
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Impedance Matching Note that dots i
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Impedance Matching Thus, in the fir
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Impedance Matching The exact resist
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Impedance Matching 4.10 Quality Fac
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Impedance Matching Example 4.7 Matc
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Impedance Matching line to change w
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Impedance Matching S22 = b 2 a2 | a
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Impedance Matching without the need
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96 Radio Frequency Integrated Circu
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98 Radio Frequency Integrated Circu
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100 Radio Frequency Integrated Circ
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Voltage-Controlled Oscillators back
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I C_AVE = 1 Voltage-Controlled Osci
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Voltage-Controlled Oscillators Loop
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Voltage-Controlled Oscillators freq
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Voltage-Controlled Oscillators Figu
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Voltage-Controlled Oscillators from
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Voltage-Controlled Oscillators [10]
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10 Power Amplifiers 10.1 Introducti
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Power Amplifiers where G is the pow
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Power Amplifiers Figure 10.4 Optima
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Power Amplifiers Figure 10.8 Power
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Power Amplifiers Figure 10.9 Curren
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Power Amplifiers The efficiency is
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Power Amplifiers sinusoid), this pe
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Power Amplifiers Note that this agr
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Power Amplifiers stabilization. The
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Power Amplifiers Solution The first
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Power Amplifiers Figure 10.22 Class
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Figure 10.24 Class E waveforms. Pow
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Power Amplifiers B = 0.1836 0.81Q R
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Power Amplifiers Figure 10.25 Initi
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Power Amplifiers added to the funda
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Power Amplifiers 10.8.1 Variation o
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Example 10.4 Class F Power Amplifie
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Figure 10.36 Class H amplifier. Pow
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Power Amplifiers ered quite good. O
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Power Amplifiers Figure 10.39 Time-
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Figure 10.42 High-Q matching circui
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Figure 10.44 Multiple transistors.
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Power Amplifiers Figure 10.48 Combi
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Power Amplifiers have very narrow b
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Power Amplifiers Figure 10.53 Feedf
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Power Amplifiers in class A (input
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About the Authors John Rogers recei
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Index 1-dB compression point, 30-32
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Index Damped resonator, 247-48 Emit
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Index Local oscillator, 5 Mixing co
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Index Quadrature phase shift keying
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