Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design - Webs

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High-Frequency Filter Circuits and master oscillator must be replaced with a varactor of some kind. Then the master VCO that performs the Q tuning for the filter can be placed in the phase-locked loop that will set the frequency of the VCO through feedback and at the same time set the frequency of the notch. Alternatively, in a receiver application, the image frequency and hence the notch frequency are related to the local oscillator frequency by a constant offset. Because of this, the synthesizer that controls the LO can also be used to control the image reject filter [2]. 9.10 Higher-Order Filters So far, we have considered only second-order filters in this book. For many applications, higher order filters are required. In order to make higher order filters, many second-order filters must be cascaded together. There are many ways that LC networks can be cascaded together using the basic structures discussed here. Theory on how to do this can be found in several references devoted to filter design [3, 4]. Example 9.5 A Notch Filter for Image Rejection Modify the LNA designed in Example 6.10 to include a notch at 7 GHz. Thus, when placed in a receiver with an LO frequency of 6 GHz, it will reject the image at 7 GHz. Further, modify the circuit so that it has a differential rather than a single-ended input. Solution Starting with the LNA that was previously designed, the first step is to make it differential. That means that everything must be mirrored around the horizontal axis and another buffer must be added. Then we will add a series-style LC resonator between the driver and cascode transistor with a −Gm negative resistance circuit to provide the notching circuitry. Once all this is done, then the circuit will look like Figure 9.17. The values from the previous examples are used for all the components that are already sized. Thus, L b = 1 nH, L e = 290 pH, L T = 1 nH, and C T was adjusted to make the gain peak at 5 GHz, so it is now 375 fF. The loss R T is twice what it was in the original example and is now assumed to be 628�. The buffers are also biased the same as before. The gain S11 and noise figure were simulated again in the differential configuration and were identical to the previous simulations except for the slight shift in passband frequency. Table 9.1 summarizes the performance of the circuit before the notch was added. Next, the notch circuitry needed to be sized. The transistors Q 3 and Q 4 were kept small to avoid swamping the circuit with parasitic capacitance. They were chosen to be 5 �m arbitrarily. In simulation, if the noise from the resistors 343
344 Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design Figure 9.17 LNA modified and made differential with LC load and output buffers. Table 9.1 Summary of LNA Parameters Value Before Value After Parameter Notch Is Added Notch Is Added Gain (dB) 28 28 NF at 5 GHz (dB) 1.74 2.7 S 11 at 5 GHz (dB)
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Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit
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Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit
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Contents Foreword xv Acknowledgment
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Contents 3.8 Base Shot Noise Discus
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Contents 5.25 Packaging 135 5.25.1
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Contents 7.12 General Design Commen
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Contents 9.5 Some Simple Image Reje
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Foreword I enjoyed reading this boo
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Foreword estimates of parasitic cap
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xx Radio Frequency Integrated Circu
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2 Radio Frequency Integrated Circui
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2 Issues in RFIC Design, Noise, Lin
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Issues in RFIC Design, Noise, Linea
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The input noise is Issues in RFIC D
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2.5 Filtering Issues Issues in RFIC
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3 A Brief Review of Technology 3.1
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A Brief Review of Technology IC = I
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3.4 Small-Signal Model A Brief Revi
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3.6 High-Frequency Effects A Brief
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A Brief Review of Technology If thi
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A Brief Review of Technology Soluti
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A Brief Review of Technology 3.8 Ba
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A Brief Review of Technology • Pi
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A Brief Review of Technology 3.16,
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A Brief Review of Technology The tr
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4 Impedance Matching 4.1 Introducti
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Impedance Matching Z 2 = Z in + j
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Figure 4.5 A Smith chart. Impedance
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4.3 Impedance Matching Impedance Ma
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Impedance Matching Figure 4.9 Which
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Impedance Matching Figure 4.11 Lowp
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Impedance Matching section, convers
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Impedance Matching Much as in the p
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Impedance Matching Note that dots i
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Impedance Matching Thus, in the fir
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Impedance Matching The exact resist
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Impedance Matching 4.10 Quality Fac
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Impedance Matching Example 4.7 Matc
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Impedance Matching line to change w
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Impedance Matching S22 = b 2 a2 | a
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Impedance Matching without the need
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96 Radio Frequency Integrated Circu
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100 Radio Frequency Integrated Circ
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Page 326 and 327: Voltage-Controlled Oscillators back
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Page 336 and 337: Voltage-Controlled Oscillators from
Page 338: Voltage-Controlled Oscillators [10]
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Page 370 and 371: 10 Power Amplifiers 10.1 Introducti
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Page 378 and 379: Power Amplifiers Figure 10.9 Curren
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Page 382 and 383: Power Amplifiers sinusoid), this pe
Page 384 and 385: Power Amplifiers Note that this agr
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Page 392 and 393: Figure 10.24 Class E waveforms. Pow
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Page 402 and 403: Example 10.4 Class F Power Amplifie
Page 404 and 405: Figure 10.36 Class H amplifier. Pow
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Power Amplifiers Figure 10.48 Combi
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Power Amplifiers have very narrow b
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Power Amplifiers Figure 10.53 Feedf
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Power Amplifiers in class A (input
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About the Authors John Rogers recei
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Index 1-dB compression point, 30-32
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Index Damped resonator, 247-48 Emit
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Index Local oscillator, 5 Mixing co
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Index Quadrature phase shift keying
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