Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design - Webs

More documents

Recommendations

Info

neg = Voltage-Controlled Oscillators g m g m � 2 = C 1C2 � 2 C 1Ctotal − g m � 2 C 2 1 To find the minimum current, we find the maximum rneg by taking the derivative with respect to C 1. This leads to ∂rneg ∂C 1 = −g m � 2 C 2 1 C total C 1 = 2C total + 2g m � 2 C 3 1 which means that the maximum obtainable negative resistance is achieved when the two capacitors are equal in value and twice the total capacitance. In this case, C 1 = C 2 = 1.1258 pF. Now the loss in the resonator at 3 GHz is due to the finite Q of the inductor. The series resistance of the inductor is rs = �L Q = (2� � 3 GHz)5 nH 5 = 0 = 18.85� Therefore, rneg = r s = 18.85�. Noting that g m = I c /v T , Ic = � 2 C 1C2vT rneg = (2� � 3 GHz) 2 (1.1258 pF) 2 (25 mV)(18.85�) = 212.2 �A In the case of the −Gm oscillator there is no capacitor ratio to consider. The parallel resistance of the inductor is R p = �LQ = (2� � 3 GHz)5 nH(5) = 471.2� Therefore rneg = R p = 471.2�. Noting again that g m = I c /v T Ic = 2vT R p = 2(25 mV) 471.2� = 106.1 �A 267
268 Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design Thus, we can see from this example that a −Gm oscillator can start with half as much collector current in each transistor as a Colpitts oscillator under the same loading conditions. 8.9 Comments on Oscillator Analysis It has been shown that closed-loop analysis agrees exactly with the open-loop analysis. It can also be shown that analysis by negative resistance produces identical results. This analysis can be extended. For example, in a negative resistance oscillator, it is possible to determine if oscillations will be stable as shown by Kurokawa [1], with detailed analysis shown by [2]. However, what does it mean to have an exact analysis? Does this allow one to predict the frequency exactly? The answer is no. Even if one could take into account RF model complexities including parasitics, temperature, process, and voltage variations, the nonlinearities of an oscillator would still change the frequency. These nonlinearities are required to limit the amplitude of oscillation, so they are a built-in part of an oscillator. Fortunately, for a well-designed oscillator, the predicted results will give a reasonable estimate of the performance. Then, to refine the design, it is necessary to simulate the circuit. Example 8.5 Oscillator Frequency Shifts and Open-Loop Gain Explore the predicted frequency with the actual frequency of oscillation by doing open-loop and closed-loop simulation of an oscillator. Compare the results to the simple formula. This example can also be used to explore the amplitude of oscillation and its relationship to the open-loop gain. Solution For this example, the previously found capacitor and inductor values are used in the circuit shown in Figure 8.20. Loop gain can be changed by adjusting g m or the tank resistance R p . Both will also affect frequency somewhat. R p will affect �c through Q L and g m will affect �c indirectly, since re = 1/g m . In this case, we varied both R p and g m . Results are plotted in Figure 8.21. It can be seen from Figure 8.21(a) that the open-loop simulations consistently predict higher oscillating frequencies than the closed-loop simulations. Thus, nonlinear behavior results in the frequency being decreased. We note that the initial frequency estimate using the inductor and capacitor values and adding an estimate for the parasitic capacitance results in a good estimate of final closed-loop oscillating frequency. In fact, this estimate of frequency is better than the open-loop small-signal prediction of frequency. It can also be seen from Figure 8.21(b) that output signal amplitude is related to the openloop gain, and as expected, as gain drops to 1 or less, the oscillations stop.
Page 2 and 3:
Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit
Page 4 and 5:
Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit
Page 6 and 7:
Contents Foreword xv Acknowledgment
Page 8 and 9:
Contents 3.8 Base Shot Noise Discus
Page 10 and 11:
Contents 5.25 Packaging 135 5.25.1
Page 12 and 13:
Contents 7.12 General Design Commen
Page 14 and 15:
Contents 9.5 Some Simple Image Reje
Page 16 and 17:
Foreword I enjoyed reading this boo
Page 18:
Foreword estimates of parasitic cap
Page 21 and 22:
xx Radio Frequency Integrated Circu
Page 23 and 24:
2 Radio Frequency Integrated Circui
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Page 30 and 31:
2 Issues in RFIC Design, Noise, Lin
Page 32 and 33:
Issues in RFIC Design, Noise, Linea
Page 34 and 35:
Page 36 and 37:
Page 38 and 39:
The input noise is Issues in RFIC D
Page 40 and 41:
Page 42 and 43:
Page 44 and 45:
Page 46 and 47:
Page 48 and 49:
Page 50 and 51:
Page 52 and 53:
Page 54 and 55:
Page 56 and 57:
Page 58 and 59:
2.5 Filtering Issues Issues in RFIC
Page 60 and 61:
Page 62 and 63:
Page 64 and 65:
3 A Brief Review of Technology 3.1
Page 66 and 67:
A Brief Review of Technology IC = I
Page 68 and 69:
3.4 Small-Signal Model A Brief Revi
Page 70 and 71:
3.6 High-Frequency Effects A Brief
Page 72 and 73:
A Brief Review of Technology If thi
Page 74 and 75:
A Brief Review of Technology Soluti
Page 76 and 77:
A Brief Review of Technology 3.8 Ba
Page 78 and 79:
A Brief Review of Technology • Pi
Page 80 and 81:
A Brief Review of Technology 3.16,
Page 82 and 83:
A Brief Review of Technology The tr
Page 84 and 85:
4 Impedance Matching 4.1 Introducti
Page 86 and 87:
Impedance Matching Z 2 = Z in + j
Page 88 and 89:
Figure 4.5 A Smith chart. Impedance
Page 90 and 91:
4.3 Impedance Matching Impedance Ma
Page 92 and 93:
Impedance Matching Figure 4.9 Which
Page 94 and 95:
Impedance Matching Figure 4.11 Lowp
Page 96 and 97:
Impedance Matching section, convers
Page 98 and 99:
Impedance Matching Much as in the p
Page 100 and 101:
Impedance Matching Note that dots i
Page 102 and 103:
Impedance Matching Thus, in the fir
Page 104 and 105:
Impedance Matching The exact resist
Page 106 and 107:
Impedance Matching 4.10 Quality Fac
Page 108 and 109:
Impedance Matching Example 4.7 Matc
Page 110 and 111:
Impedance Matching line to change w
Page 112 and 113:
Impedance Matching S22 = b 2 a2 | a
Page 114:
Impedance Matching without the need
Page 117 and 118:
96 Radio Frequency Integrated Circu
Page 119 and 120:
98 Radio Frequency Integrated Circu
Page 121 and 122:
100 Radio Frequency Integrated Circ
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238: 216 Radio Frequency Integrated Circ
Page 287: 266 Radio Frequency Integrated Circ
Page 323: 302 Radio Frequency Integrated Circ
Page 326 and 327: Voltage-Controlled Oscillators back
Page 328 and 329: I C_AVE = 1 Voltage-Controlled Osci
Page 330 and 331: Voltage-Controlled Oscillators Loop
Page 332 and 333: Voltage-Controlled Oscillators freq
Page 334 and 335: Voltage-Controlled Oscillators Figu
Page 336 and 337: Voltage-Controlled Oscillators from
Page 338:
Voltage-Controlled Oscillators [10]
Page 341 and 342:
Page 343 and 344:
Page 345 and 346:
Page 347 and 348:
Page 349 and 350:
Page 351 and 352:
Page 353 and 354:
Page 355 and 356:
Page 357 and 358:
Page 359 and 360:
Page 361 and 362:
Page 363 and 364:
Page 365 and 366:
Page 367 and 368:
Page 370 and 371:
10 Power Amplifiers 10.1 Introducti
Page 372 and 373:
Power Amplifiers where G is the pow
Page 374 and 375:
Power Amplifiers Figure 10.4 Optima
Page 376 and 377:
Power Amplifiers Figure 10.8 Power
Page 378 and 379:
Power Amplifiers Figure 10.9 Curren
Page 380 and 381:
Power Amplifiers The efficiency is
Page 382 and 383:
Power Amplifiers sinusoid), this pe
Page 384 and 385:
Power Amplifiers Note that this agr
Page 386 and 387:
Power Amplifiers stabilization. The
Page 388 and 389:
Power Amplifiers Solution The first
Page 390 and 391:
Power Amplifiers Figure 10.22 Class
Page 392 and 393:
Figure 10.24 Class E waveforms. Pow
Page 394 and 395:
Power Amplifiers B = 0.1836 0.81Q R
Page 396 and 397:
Power Amplifiers Figure 10.25 Initi
Page 398 and 399:
Power Amplifiers added to the funda
Page 400 and 401:
Power Amplifiers 10.8.1 Variation o
Page 402 and 403:
Example 10.4 Class F Power Amplifie
Page 404 and 405:
Figure 10.36 Class H amplifier. Pow
Page 406 and 407:
Power Amplifiers ered quite good. O
Page 408 and 409:
Power Amplifiers Figure 10.39 Time-
Page 410 and 411:
Figure 10.42 High-Q matching circui
Page 412 and 413:
Figure 10.44 Multiple transistors.
Page 414 and 415:
Power Amplifiers Figure 10.48 Combi
Page 416 and 417:
Power Amplifiers have very narrow b
Page 418 and 419:
Power Amplifiers Figure 10.53 Feedf
Page 420 and 421:
Power Amplifiers in class A (input
Page 422 and 423:
About the Authors John Rogers recei
Page 424 and 425:
Index 1-dB compression point, 30-32
Page 426 and 427:
Index Damped resonator, 247-48 Emit
Page 428 and 429:
Index Local oscillator, 5 Mixing co
Page 430 and 431:
Index Quadrature phase shift keying
show all

Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design - Webs

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?