A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of - Queen Margaret University

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lay in reading aloud and spelling non-words (suggesting impairment to LPC, POB and PLC pathways). SPOKEN WORD PICTURE WRITTEN WORD Auditory Phonological Analyses Abstract Letter Identification Visual/ Object Recognition Phonological Input Lexicon Orthographic Input Lexicon Acoustic to Phonological conversion Semantic System Letter to Phonological conversion Phonological Output Lexicon Orthographic Output Lexicon Copy Letters Phonological Output Buffer Phonological to Letter Conversion Graphemic Output Buffer Speech Figure 5v Representation of C3’s single word processing abilities Writing Qualitatively, C3’s speech had a mild dysarthric quality to it and she repeatedly practised target responses under her breath before speaking them aloud sometimes having to restart words a number of times. C3 was aware when she made errors and self-corrected, often succeeding after a number of attempts. 171
C3’s narration of the Cinderella story is presented in Appendix 5.3c. It was predicted that C3 would be able to demonstrate learning of the new vocabulary successfully in spoken form but may have difficulty reading aloud and spelling the new word forms unless they became registered as real words in her lexicon. 5.8.1.4 Rehearsal and consolidation of learning C2 utilised the full 30 minutes of independent learning time for all training sessions to rehearse the new words. During this time she practised saying the details under her breath, wrote down the creature details and listened to the audio recording a number of times for each session. 5.8.2 Demonstration of learning the new vocabulary C3’s performance on each assessment task is presented in Table 5.15 below with a summary of her ability to learn the new vocabulary for both immediate and delayed recall assessments. 5.8.2.1 Immediate recall C3 recalled 18 of the new words in spoken form requiring three phonemic and two syllable cues and made nine phonological errors (e.g. target løndÄ´l response lønd´l; target zËdOp response zËdÄOp). There was within-session interference from newly learned words (perseveration) as follows. Session one – target and response one = FUTARG; target two - SHORPINE, response = PENTAG; target three - DREEPLE, response = PENTAN; target four - PENTAR, response = PENTAN; target five - SARTLE, response = STARTLE; Session two – target and response one = MAYTOR, target two - JUNFLIZ, response = JAYTOR. C3 could successfully self-correct on most occasions. Another interfering factor was C3’s difficulty inhibiting the lexicalisation of words on a number of occasions e.g. STARTLE instead of SARTLE and SNAIL instead of SNAITLE. C3 recalled 20 of the new words in written form making seven spelling errors (e.g. target - HAMEKIN, response = HAMKIN; target - YAMTORK, response = YAMOCK). C3 had significant 172
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An Investigation into the Ability o
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Abstract Recent studies have establ
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Christine Malcolm (Chief Speech and
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2.6.2.1 Lesion size and site 37 2.6
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3.6.1.2 Number and type of items to
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4.8 Chapter summary 132 Chapter 5 T
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5.9.1.1 Personal attributes 176 5.9
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5.15.1.1 Personal attributes 208 5.
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6.3.3.5 The impact of clock drawing
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Appendices 2.1 Main representative
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5.2 Raw and percentage scores for n
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Figures 2i Cognitive neuropsycholog
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Younger people who are having and s
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Chapter 2 Review of the literature
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sentences. As aphasia also affects
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continue to experience significant
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noted that there were three areas t
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natural reaction to the loss of abi
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2.3.3 Impact of aphasia on the fami
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facets of a person’s life as well
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with the literature regarding the l
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Rehabilitation is not thought to al
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everything that we learn and experi
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eorganisation in hemiplegic stroke
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(Kasten and Sabel, 1995) and replic
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1998), tingling, itching or painful
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Emission Tomography (PET) scans ana
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ehabilitation, function can be limi
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Studies have not always found age t
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larger intracranial capacity could
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permanent loss of particular skills
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depression in people with severe ap
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maintenance of permanent records of
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intensity aphasia rehabilitation wa
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2.7 CURRENT THEORETICAL ACCOUNTS OF
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people with apparently similar char
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Additionally, harmful or redundant
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information about a word (Harley, 2
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(as in semantic dementia) as well a
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esearchers (Breedin et al., 1998; W
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As many adults have acquired a wide
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healthy individuals as mentioned ab
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et al. (2001) evaluated the ability
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of new vocabulary where both the wo
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syllables in each word, therefore t
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vocabulary; facilitate the demonstr
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methodology developed and used in t
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Chapter 3 Preliminary Studies 3.1 I
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for the main investigation by the n
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3.2.1.4 Delayed recall Approximatel
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written recall assessment task (par
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indicates a large reduction of item
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ehearsal taking place prior to the
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one were discussed with each partic
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Graph 3.2 Comparison of number of i
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As with preliminary study one, part
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during the training session, some p
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3.5 PRELIMINARY STUDY FOUR This stu
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Fifty four percent of participants
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preliminary studies the British Nat
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where main investigation participan
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perhaps reduce the number of items
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preliminary studies as described in
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emember the route taking them from
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4.3 TRAINING SESSION PROCEDURE Each
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4.3.2.1 Training of stimuli: phonol
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assessments was administered both i
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to match the name and skill present
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4.4.3 Results of P1’s post-traini
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Table 4.4 Pilot Study One Total raw
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session. This reflected the general
Page 143 and 144: 4.4.5 Summary of pilot study one Pi
Page 145 and 146: 4.5.2 Results of P2’s performance
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Page 151 and 152: 4.6.3 Methodological issues A numbe
Page 153 and 154: would be asked not to repeat the wo
Page 155 and 156: 4.8 CHAPTER SUMMARY The three pilot
Page 157 and 158: Chapter 5 Main Investigation 5.1 IN
Page 159 and 160: - The medical stability of particip
Page 161 and 162: The methodology for the training an
Page 163 and 164: (i.e. C1, P3 and C2) remained the t
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Page 167 and 168: Table 5.5 Characteristics of error
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Page 173 and 174: 5.4.2.3 Severity of aphasia While t
Page 175 and 176: 5.5 PARTICIPANT C1 Participant C1
Page 177 and 178: SPOKEN WORD PICTURE WRITTEN WORD Au
Page 179 and 180: written form again without the aid
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Page 183 and 184: was non-fluent with many repetition
Page 185 and 186: emembering 49% of information origi
Page 187 and 188: 5.7.1.1 Personal attributes C2 was
Page 189 and 190: GOB pathways). C2’s speech was ch
Page 191 and 192: assessment tasks (see Table 5.2), w
Page 193: 5.8.1.1 Personal attributes C3 was
Page 197 and 198: errors with six out of the 20 new w
Page 201 and 202: 5.9.1.4 Rehearsal and consolidation
Page 203 and 204: achieved 100% recognition on the li
Page 207 and 208: any other fictional stories so he w
Page 209 and 210: the reading task. C5 matched eight
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Page 217 and 218: pathways), spell words and non-word
Page 219 and 220: (reading) words she made 15 false p
Page 223 and 224: and PLC pathways). C8’s speech wa
Page 227 and 228: C9’s data (see Table 5.26 and Fig
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Page 231 and 232: 5.15.1.1 Personal attributes C10 wa
Page 233 and 234: naming. C10 had some difficulties c
Page 237 and 238: SPOKEN WORD PICTURE WRITTEN WORD Au
Page 239 and 240: Table 5.31 C11’s detailed perform
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Table 5.32 Hierarchical cluster ana
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for months post-stroke, severity of
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Table 5.33 Correlation co-efficient
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ecency and primacy effect, however,
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drawing skills and the ability to l
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with the creation of new neuronal c
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5.8.2.1). Secondly, the participant
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6.3.1.1 The impact of age on the le
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education that an individual experi
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unethical, even perhaps illegal, to
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assessment and treatment of emotion
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theories on the negative effects of
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(CLQT) was developed as a screening
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6.3.3.2 The impact of memory on the
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(executive scores of moderate, mild
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320). Additionally, the CLQT indica
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6.3.4.1 Pre-training language scree
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abilities of each participant and a
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person with aphasia only ever produ
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6.4.2 Methodology As previous resea
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assessing the learning of new vocab
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provided flexibility not only for s
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presentation. It was proposed that
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participants also lexicalised the n
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module and how it communicates with
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theory of rehabilitation and in rel
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experience in different ways and ch
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upon language rehabilitation, for e
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the investigation of people with po
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Further statistical analyses with a
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extend the examination of the abili
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task), severity of aphasia and amou
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References Alexander, M. P. (1994)
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Candia, V., Schafer, Th., Taub, E.,
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Fillingham, J. K., Sage, K. and Lam
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Howard and Hatfield (1987) Aphasia
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Linebaugh, C. W. (1999) Merging the
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Nation, I. S. P. (1983) Teaching an
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Scheibel, A., Conrad, T., Perdue, S
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Warrington, E. K. and McCarthy (198
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Appendix 3.1 Preliminary study one:
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Appendix 3.2 (continued) Preliminar
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Appendix 3.4a Preliminary study two
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Appendix 3.6 Stimuli used for the m
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Appendix 3.6 (continued) Stimuli us
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Appendix 4.1 Methods of learning ne
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Appendix 4.2 Hospital Anxiety and D
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Appendix 4.2 (Continued) Hospital A
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Appendix 4.4 Non-linguistic learnin
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Appendix 4.5 Language screening ass
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Appendix 4.6 Familiar, trained and
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Appendix 4.8 Examples of written an
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APPENDIX 5.2 Participant consent fo
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Appendix 5.3 (Continued) Narrations
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Appendix 5.3 (Continued) Narrations
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Appendix 5.4 (continued) Hierarchic
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Appendix 5.5 (continued) Group corr
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Appendix 5.5 (continued) Group corr
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Appendix 5.7 Total recall of tasks
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