A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of - Queen Margaret University

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SPOKEN WORD PICTURE WRITTEN WORD Auditory Phonological Analyses Abstract Letter Identification Visual/ Object Recognition Phonological Input Lexicon Orthographic Input Lexicon Acoustic to Phonological conversion Semantic System Letter to Phonological conversion Phonological Output Lexicon Orthographic Output Lexicon Copy Letters Phonological Output Buffer Phonological to Letter Conversion Graphemic Output Buffer Speech Figure 5x Representation of C8’s single word processing abilities Writing C8’s ability to categorise pictures and words suggested that he could adequately access his semantic system and on the whole he was able to write real words correctly. However, C8 had some difficulty differentiating real from hearing nonwords (suggesting impairment to PIL pathway). Significantly, he demonstrated severe impairment with all spoken output, i.e. repetition of some words and nonwords, reading aloud words and non-words, spoken naming and difficulties spelling non-words (suggesting impairment to PIL, APC, POL, OIL, POB, LPC 199
and PLC pathways). C8’s speech was characteristic of dyspraxia where he groped for the target sound and frequently self-corrected in an attempt to achieve the correct word. On most occasions C8 did not achieve the target words. His low score in naming pictures was felt to be exacerbated by dyspraxic speech where he could retrieve the words from his semantic system but had difficulties articulating the words accurately. C8’s spoken and written narration of the Cinderella story is presented in 5.3h. It was predicted that C8 would be able to demonstrate the learning of the new vocabulary but would contain articulation and spelling errors. 5.13.1.4 Rehearsal and consolidation of learning C8 utilised 46% of the allocated independent learning time to rehearse and consolidate the learning of the new vocabulary. During this time he completed the practise assessments and played the audio recording once for each session. 5.13.2 Demonstration of learning the new vocabulary C8’s performance on each assessment task is presented in Table 5.25 below with a summary of his ability to learn the new vocabulary for both immediate and delayed recall assessments. 5.13.2.1 Immediate recall C8 recalled five words in spoken form requiring two phonemic and nine syllable cues to aid recall. C8 made phonemic errors for three of the words (e.g. target fËta…g, response = kËta…). C8 recalled 13 new words in written form and only required one letter cue. He made spelling errors for eight of these words (e.g. target - MAYTOR, response = MATLOR; target - FEETOKEL, response = FREETOL). While C8 recognised 13 (listening) and 11(reading) words he made four false positive and two false negative responses for the listening task. He matched the correct number of syllables with target pictures for 17 words and 11 initial 200
Page 1 and 2:
An Investigation into the Ability o
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Abstract Recent studies have establ
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Christine Malcolm (Chief Speech and
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2.6.2.1 Lesion size and site 37 2.6
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3.6.1.2 Number and type of items to
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4.8 Chapter summary 132 Chapter 5 T
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5.9.1.1 Personal attributes 176 5.9
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5.15.1.1 Personal attributes 208 5.
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6.3.3.5 The impact of clock drawing
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Appendices 2.1 Main representative
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5.2 Raw and percentage scores for n
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Figures 2i Cognitive neuropsycholog
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Younger people who are having and s
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Chapter 2 Review of the literature
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sentences. As aphasia also affects
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continue to experience significant
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noted that there were three areas t
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natural reaction to the loss of abi
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2.3.3 Impact of aphasia on the fami
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facets of a person’s life as well
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with the literature regarding the l
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Rehabilitation is not thought to al
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everything that we learn and experi
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eorganisation in hemiplegic stroke
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(Kasten and Sabel, 1995) and replic
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1998), tingling, itching or painful
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Emission Tomography (PET) scans ana
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ehabilitation, function can be limi
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Studies have not always found age t
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larger intracranial capacity could
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permanent loss of particular skills
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depression in people with severe ap
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maintenance of permanent records of
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intensity aphasia rehabilitation wa
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2.7 CURRENT THEORETICAL ACCOUNTS OF
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people with apparently similar char
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Additionally, harmful or redundant
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information about a word (Harley, 2
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(as in semantic dementia) as well a
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esearchers (Breedin et al., 1998; W
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As many adults have acquired a wide
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healthy individuals as mentioned ab
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et al. (2001) evaluated the ability
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of new vocabulary where both the wo
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syllables in each word, therefore t
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vocabulary; facilitate the demonstr
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methodology developed and used in t
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Chapter 3 Preliminary Studies 3.1 I
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for the main investigation by the n
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3.2.1.4 Delayed recall Approximatel
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written recall assessment task (par
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indicates a large reduction of item
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ehearsal taking place prior to the
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one were discussed with each partic
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Graph 3.2 Comparison of number of i
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As with preliminary study one, part
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during the training session, some p
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3.5 PRELIMINARY STUDY FOUR This stu
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Fifty four percent of participants
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preliminary studies the British Nat
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where main investigation participan
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perhaps reduce the number of items
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preliminary studies as described in
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emember the route taking them from
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4.3 TRAINING SESSION PROCEDURE Each
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4.3.2.1 Training of stimuli: phonol
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assessments was administered both i
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to match the name and skill present
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4.4.3 Results of P1’s post-traini
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Table 4.4 Pilot Study One Total raw
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session. This reflected the general
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4.4.5 Summary of pilot study one Pi
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4.5.2 Results of P2’s performance
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P2 recalled 14 (70%) of the new wor
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demonstrate this learning during im
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4.6.3 Methodological issues A numbe
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would be asked not to repeat the wo
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4.8 CHAPTER SUMMARY The three pilot
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Chapter 5 Main Investigation 5.1 IN
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- The medical stability of particip
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The methodology for the training an
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(i.e. C1, P3 and C2) remained the t
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the immediate recall was not the sa
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Table 5.5 Characteristics of error
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scores (Zigmond and Snaith, 1983) a
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Page 173 and 174: 5.4.2.3 Severity of aphasia While t
Page 175 and 176: 5.5 PARTICIPANT C1 Participant C1
Page 177 and 178: SPOKEN WORD PICTURE WRITTEN WORD Au
Page 179 and 180: written form again without the aid
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Page 183 and 184: was non-fluent with many repetition
Page 185 and 186: emembering 49% of information origi
Page 187 and 188: 5.7.1.1 Personal attributes C2 was
Page 189 and 190: GOB pathways). C2’s speech was ch
Page 191 and 192: assessment tasks (see Table 5.2), w
Page 195 and 196: C3’s narration of the Cinderella
Page 197 and 198: errors with six out of the 20 new w
Page 201 and 202: 5.9.1.4 Rehearsal and consolidation
Page 203 and 204: achieved 100% recognition on the li
Page 207 and 208: any other fictional stories so he w
Page 209 and 210: the reading task. C5 matched eight
Page 213 and 214: some word-finding difficulties with
Page 217 and 218: pathways), spell words and non-word
Page 219 and 220: (reading) words she made 15 false p
Page 221: 5.13.1.1 Personal attributes C8 was
Page 227 and 228: C9’s data (see Table 5.26 and Fig
Page 229 and 230: assessments indicated that she had
Page 231 and 232: 5.15.1.1 Personal attributes C10 wa
Page 233 and 234: naming. C10 had some difficulties c
Page 237 and 238: SPOKEN WORD PICTURE WRITTEN WORD Au
Page 239 and 240: Table 5.31 C11’s detailed perform
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Page 243 and 244: each participant’s relevant data,
Page 245 and 246: Table 5.32 Hierarchical cluster ana
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Page 249 and 250: Table 5.33 Correlation co-efficient
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Page 259 and 260: with the creation of new neuronal c
Page 261 and 262: 5.8.2.1). Secondly, the participant
Page 263 and 264: 6.3.1.1 The impact of age on the le
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Page 267 and 268: unethical, even perhaps illegal, to
Page 269 and 270: assessment and treatment of emotion
Page 271 and 272: theories on the negative effects of
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(CLQT) was developed as a screening
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6.3.3.2 The impact of memory on the
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(executive scores of moderate, mild
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320). Additionally, the CLQT indica
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6.3.4.1 Pre-training language scree
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abilities of each participant and a
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person with aphasia only ever produ
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6.4.2 Methodology As previous resea
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assessing the learning of new vocab
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provided flexibility not only for s
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presentation. It was proposed that
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participants also lexicalised the n
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module and how it communicates with
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theory of rehabilitation and in rel
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experience in different ways and ch
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upon language rehabilitation, for e
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the investigation of people with po
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Further statistical analyses with a
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extend the examination of the abili
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task), severity of aphasia and amou
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References Alexander, M. P. (1994)
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Candia, V., Schafer, Th., Taub, E.,
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Fillingham, J. K., Sage, K. and Lam
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Howard and Hatfield (1987) Aphasia
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Linebaugh, C. W. (1999) Merging the
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Nation, I. S. P. (1983) Teaching an
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Scheibel, A., Conrad, T., Perdue, S
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Warrington, E. K. and McCarthy (198
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Appendix 3.1 Preliminary study one:
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Appendix 3.2 (continued) Preliminar
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Appendix 3.4a Preliminary study two
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Appendix 3.6 Stimuli used for the m
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Appendix 3.6 (continued) Stimuli us
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Appendix 4.1 Methods of learning ne
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Appendix 4.2 Hospital Anxiety and D
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Appendix 4.2 (Continued) Hospital A
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Appendix 4.4 Non-linguistic learnin
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Appendix 4.5 Language screening ass
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Appendix 4.6 Familiar, trained and
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Appendix 4.8 Examples of written an
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APPENDIX 5.2 Participant consent fo
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Appendix 5.3 (Continued) Narrations
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Appendix 5.3 (Continued) Narrations
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Appendix 5.4 (continued) Hierarchic
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Appendix 5.5 (continued) Group corr
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Appendix 5.5 (continued) Group corr
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Appendix 5.7 Total recall of tasks
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