Digital Electronics: Principles, Devices and Applications

xivContents11 Counters and Registers 41111.1 Ripple (Asynchronous) Counter 41111.1.1 Propagation Delay in Ripple Counters 41211.2 Synchronous Counter 41311.3 Modulus of a Counter 41311.4 Binary Ripple Counter – Operational Basics 41311.4.1 Binary Ripple Counters with a Modulus of Less than 2 N 41611.4.2 Ripple Counters in IC Form 41811.5 Synchronous (or Parallel) Counters 42311.6 UP/DOWN Counters 42511.7 Decade and BCD Counters 42611.8 Presettable Counters 42611.8.1 Variable Modulus with Presettable Counters 42811.9 Decoding a Counter 42811.10 Cascading Counters 43311.10.1 Cascading Binary Counters 43311.10.2 Cascading BCD Counters 43511.11 Designing Counters with Arbitrary Sequences 43811.11.1 Excitation Table of a Flip-Flop 43811.11.2 State Transition Diagram 43911.11.3 Design Procedure 43911.12 Shift Register 44711.12.1 Serial-In Serial-Out Shift Register 44911.12.2 Serial-In Parallel-Out Shift Register 45211.12.3 Parallel-In Serial-Out Shift Register 45211.12.4 Parallel-In Parallel-Out Shift Register 45311.12.5 Bidirectional Shift Register 45511.12.6 Universal Shift Register 45511.13 Shift Register Counters 45911.13.1 Ring Counter 45911.13.2 Shift Counter 46011.14 IEEE/ANSI Symbology for Registers and Counters 46411.14.1 Counters 46411.14.2 Registers 46611.15 Application-Relevant Information 466Review Questions 466Problems 469Further Reading 47112 Data Conversion Circuits – D/A and A/D Converters 47312.1 Digital-to-Analogue Converters 47312.1.1 Simple Resistive Divider Network for D/A Conversion 47412.1.2 Binary Ladder Network for D/A Conversion 47512.2 D/A Converter Specifications 47612.2.1 Resolution 47612.2.2 Accuracy 47712.2.3 Conversion Speed or Settling Time 47712.2.4 Dynamic Range 478