Digital Electronics: Principles, Devices and Applications

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618 Digital Electronics2-Bit Burst LogicBurstControlBinaryCounterQ 1 Q 0A 0 A 1CLKA0AddressRegisterAddressDecoder(14 lineto-16KDecoder)Memory array(16K×8)A13A0-A13Address linesWEWriteRegisterDataInputRegisterDataOutputRegisterDataI/OControlOutputBuffersCSEnableRegisterOEDataI/Olines(I/O 0-I/O 7)Figure 15.9Architecture of a 16K ×8 synchronous SRAM.
Computer Fundamentals 619as in the case of an asynchronous SRAM. As mentioned before, most synchronous SRAMs have anaddress burst feature. In this case, when an external address is latched to the address register, a certainnumber of lowest address bits are applied to the burst logic. Burst logic comprises a binary counterand EXCLUSIVE-OR gates. The output of the burst logic, which basically produces a sequence ofinternal addresses, is fed to the address bus decoder. In the case of a two-bit burst logic, the internaladdress sequence generated is given by A 1 A 0 , A 1 A 0 , A 1 A 0 , A 1 A 0 , where A 0 and A 1 are the addressbits applied to the burst logic. The burst logic shown in Fig. 15.9 is also a two-bit logic.15.5.2 Dynamic RAMThe memory cell in the case of a DRAM comprises a capacitor and a MOSFET. The cell holds a valueof ‘1’ when the capacitor is charged and ‘0’ when it is discharged. The main advantage of this typeof memory is its higher density, or more bits per package, compared with SRAM. This is because thememory cell is very simple compared with that of SRAM. Also, the cost per bit is less in the case ofa DRAM. The disadvantage of this type of memory is the leakage of charge stored on the capacitorsof various memory cells when they are storing a ‘1’. To prevent this from happening, each memorycell in a DRAM needs to be periodically read, its charge (or voltage) compared with a reference valueand then the charge restored to the capacitor. This process is known as ‘memory refresh’ and is doneapproximately every 5–10 ms.Figure 15.10 shows the basic memory cell of a DRAM and its principle of operation. The MOSFETacts like a switch. When in the ‘write’ mode (R/W = 0, the input buffers are enabled while theoutput buffers are disabled. When ‘1’ is to be stored in the memory, the ‘data in’ line must be in theHIGH state and the corresponding ‘row line’ should also be in the HIGH state so that the MOSFET isswitched ON. This connects the MOSFET to the ‘data in’ line, and it charges the capacitor to a positivevoltage level. When ‘0’ needs to be stored, the ‘data in’ line is LOW and the capacitor also acquiresthe same level. When the ‘row line’ is taken to the LOW state, the MOSFET is switched OFF and isdisconnected from the bit line. This traps the charge on the capacitor. In ‘read’ mode (R/W = 1, theoutput buffers are enabled while the input buffers are disabled. When the ‘row line’ is taken to HIGHlogic, the MOSFET is switched ON and connects the capacitor to the ‘data out’ line through the outputRowColumnMOSFETCapacitorR/WRefreshRow'Data out'RefreshBufferOutput BufferSense AmpliierColumn'Data in'Input BufferFigure 15.10Basic memory cell of a DRAM.
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Digital ElectronicsDigital Electron
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Copyright © 2007John Wiley & Sons
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ContentsPrefacexxi1 Number Systems
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ContentsixReview Questions 67Proble
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Contentsxi6.3.8 Theorem 8 1966.3.9
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Contentsxiii9.11.3 Verilog 3399.11.
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Contentsxv12.2.5 Nonlinearity and D
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Contentsxvii13.10.3 80286 Microproc
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ContentsxixReview Questions 650Prob
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PrefaceDigital electronics is essen
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Prefacexxiiilogic analysers, freque
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Number Systems 3The value or magnit
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Number Systems 5The 1’s complemen
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Number Systems 7• The fractional
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Number Systems 9• The octal equiv
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Number Systems 11Solution• The gi
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Number Systems 13Hexadecimal system
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Number Systems 15Byte-1 Byte-2 Byte
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Number Systems 17Therefore, the exp
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2Binary CodesThe present chapter is
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Binary Codes 212.1.3 Higher-Density
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Binary Codes 23Fractional part = .7
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Binary Codes 252.3.2 Gray Code-Bina
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Binary Codes 27Solution(a) The bina
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Binary Codes 29Table 2.6(continued)
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Binary Codes 39fabDPegdc(a)afbegcDP
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Binary Codes 412.6.1 Parity CodeA p
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Binary Codes 43Table 2.9Generation
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Binary Codes 456. What is a parity
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48 Digital ElectronicsTable 3.1Bina
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50 Digital ElectronicsCase 1• Con
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52 Digital Electronics2. (AF1.B3) 1
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54 Digital ElectronicsCase 2• Let
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56 Digital ElectronicsExample 3.4Su
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58 Digital Electronics0110 1000 rep
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60 Digital ElectronicsTable 3.3Mult
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62 Digital ElectronicsTable 3.6algo
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64 Digital ElectronicsTable 3.8 Exa
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66 Digital Electronicsquotient is g
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68 Digital Electronics5. Prove that
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70 Digital ElectronicsIf the two vo
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72 Digital ElectronicsABCY=A+B+C(a)
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74 Digital ElectronicsABY=A.B(a)A00
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76 Digital ElectronicsXY=X(a)XY=XX0
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78 Digital ElectronicsAY1BCY(a)ABCD
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80 Digital ElectronicsABYABY=A+B(a)
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82 Digital ElectronicsABCDY=A.B.C.D
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84 Digital Electronics'1''1'ab c d
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86 Digital ElectronicsAY=A(a)ABY=A+
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88 Digital ElectronicsAYBEA00001111
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90 Digital ElectronicsABCD(AB+CD+EF
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92 Digital Electronics(a)(b)4V (vol
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94 Digital Electronics'1'I/PI/P(Vol
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96 Digital ElectronicsIOHIIHIIHIIH(
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98 Digital ElectronicsThe output of
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100 Digital ElectronicsE1LLHE2LHXOp
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102 Digital Electronics1A1B2A2B3A3B
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104 Digital Electronics4.13.2 AND G
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106 Digital ElectronicsFigure 4.53(
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108 Digital ElectronicsTable 4.1(co
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110 Digital Electronics(c) a three-
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114 Digital Electronics6. It is pro
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116 Digital Electronicsother and th
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118 Digital Electronics5.1.2.3 ECL
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120 Digital Electronics• LOW-leve
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122 Digital Electronics• Enable t
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124 Digital ElectronicsExample 5.2R
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126 Digital Electronics+VCC+VCCR 3I
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128 Digital Electronics4K 1301.6KVC
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130 Digital Electronicsbe in cut-of
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132 Digital ElectronicsVCC4K1.6KInp
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134 Digital Electronicslow-power TT
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136 Digital Electronics5.3.5.1 Char
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138 Digital ElectronicsVCCR 137KR 2
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140 Digital Electronicsfeatures of
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142 Digital ElectronicsFigure 5.24H
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144 Digital Electronics+VCC+VCCR1IO
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146 Digital ElectronicsFigure 5.30
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148 Digital Electronics5.4.1.2 MECL
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150 Digital ElectronicsFigure 5.33E
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152 Digital Electronicsfunctions as
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154 Digital ElectronicsVDDAQ1BQ 2Y=
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156 Digital ElectronicsVDDAQ 1BQ2Q5
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158 Digital ElectronicsFigure 5.42T
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160 Digital Electronics+VDDQ7Q8Q5Q6
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162 Digital ElectronicsFigure 5.46C
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166 Digital Electronicslogic status
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168 Digital Electronics5.5.2.4 74AC
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170 Digital Electronics+VDDA+VDDA -
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172 Digital Electronics+VDDAQ 1Q 3Q
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174 Digital Electronicsthe conducti
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176 Digital Electronics+VRQ3Q4AAQ 2
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178 Digital Electronics74S00174S002
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180 Digital Electronicsvoltage of 5
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182 Digital Electronics+5V10KI/PTTL
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184 Digital ElectronicsI/PCMOSCMOS-
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6Boolean Algebra andSimplification
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Boolean Algebra and Simplification
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234 Digital Electronics'n'InputsCom
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236 Digital Electronicsof Boolean e
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238 Digital ElectronicsC in C out11
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240 Digital ElectronicsABC inABC in
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242 Digital ElectronicsABHalfSubtra
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244 Digital ElectronicsB inABDB o(a
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246 Digital ElectronicsFigure 7.19F
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248 Digital ElectronicsTable 7.1 Re
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250 Digital ElectronicsExample 7.1F
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252 Digital ElectronicsSolutionLet
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254 Digital ElectronicsB 7 B 6 B 5
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256 Digital Electronicsotherwise ha
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260 Digital Electronics7.7 Arithmet
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264 Digital ElectronicsTable 7.2 Fu
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266 Digital ElectronicsTable 7.3Com
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268 Digital ElectronicsFurther Read
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270 Digital ElectronicsI 0I 1I 2I 3
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272 Digital ElectronicsI 0I 12-to-1
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274 Digital ElectronicsI 0I 1YI 2I
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276 Digital ElectronicsTable 8.2 Im
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278 Digital ElectronicsSolution•
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280 Digital Electronics8.1.4 Cascad
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282 Digital ElectronicsD 0 D 1 D 2
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284 Digital ElectronicsExample 8.4W
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286 Digital ElectronicsAB2-to-40123
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288 Digital ElectronicsABC2 2012345
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290 Digital Electronics0CBA12 22F3-
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292 Digital Electronics(a) Since bo
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294 Digital ElectronicsTable 8.12(c
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296 Digital ElectronicsD 0I 0I 1S 0
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298 Digital ElectronicsFurther Read
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300 Digital Electronicslogic functi
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302 Digital Electronics3. In the ca
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304 Digital ElectronicsD C B AProgr
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306 Digital Electronicsa GAL device
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308 Digital Electronicslarge memory
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310 Digital ElectronicsA B C D EHar
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312 Digital ElectronicsSolution(a)
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314 Digital ElectronicsInputs(n)(k)
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316 Digital ElectronicsABCiSCoFigur
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318 Digital ElectronicsAA 1 0B1B000
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320 Digital ElectronicsA1A0B1B0O/P-
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322 Digital ElectronicsProgrammable
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324 Digital ElectronicsCDAB00 01 11
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326 Digital ElectronicsABCDP Q R SF
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328 Digital ElectronicsFigures 9.23
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330 Digital ElectronicsInputsGlobal
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332 Digital ElectronicsDQO/P4-input
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334 Digital Electronicsthat have ev
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336 Digital ElectronicsLogic CellSR
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338 Digital ElectronicsDesign Entry
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340 Digital Electronicsbraces to de
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342 Digital ElectronicsCLK120VccI02
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344 Digital ElectronicsCLK120VccI02
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346 Digital ElectronicsARDCLKQQ4to1
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348 Digital ElectronicsCentral Swit
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350 Digital ElectronicsTable 9.6Sal
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352 Digital ElectronicsQSA1A2A3A4A5
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354 Digital Electronics3. Determine
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10Flip-Flops and Related DevicesHav
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Flip-Flops and Related Devices 359V
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Flip-Flops and Related Devices 361+
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Flip-Flops and Related Devices 363p
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Flip-Flops and Related Devices 383C
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Flip-Flops and Related Devices 389a
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Flip-Flops and Related Devices 407w
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Flip-Flops and Related Devices 409(
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11Counters and RegistersCounters an
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Counters and Registers 413ripple co
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Counters and Registers 415Table 11.
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Q 00Counters and Registers 4171JQ 0
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Counters and Registers 421'1'JPrQ A
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Counters and Registers 42311.5 Sync
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Counters and Registers 427Presettab
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Counters and Registers 429Clk(D)Q 0
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Counters and Registers 431Input AAO
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Counters and Registers 433ClockA-Ou
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Counters and Registers 435PLP3 P2 P
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Counters and Registers 437+V CCGNDU
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Counters and Registers 441The circu
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Counters and Registers 445CX (C) 1B
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Counters and Registers 447Figure 11
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Counters and Registers 449to the dr
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Figure 11.43 Logic diagram of IC 74
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Counters and Registers 45911.13 Shi
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Counters and Registers 461Clock-Inp
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Counters and Registers 4631JFClockC
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Counters and Registers 465R0(1)R0(2
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Counters and Registers 467(9)CLK C1
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Counters and Registers 4711OutputCJ
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12Data Conversion Circuits - D/Aand
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Data Conversion Circuits - D/A and
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{Data Conversion Circuits - D/A and
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(Data Conversion Circuits - D/A and
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526 Digital ElectronicsAddress BusM
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528 Digital Electronicsyear 1973. I
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530 Digital Electronicsto the addre
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532 Digital ElectronicsDemultiplexe
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534 Digital Electronicscounter and
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536 Digital ElectronicsOperationReg
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538 Digital Electronics13.6.1.2 Pow
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540 Digital Electronics13.7 Program
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542 Digital ElectronicsX1X2RESET OU
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544 Digital ElectronicsTable 13.3Si
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{{546 Digital ElectronicsSystem Dat
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{548 Digital ElectronicsBus Interfa
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550 Digital ElectronicsData Registe
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552 Digital ElectronicsBarrelShifte
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554 Digital ElectronicsSequencer an
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556 Digital Electronics64-bit inter
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558 Digital Electronicsfrom the Pen
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560 Digital ElectronicsPentium bran
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562 Digital Electronicsfor microcom
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564 Digital Electronics4. Briefly d
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Page 619 and 620: 602 Digital ElectronicsReview Quest
Page 621 and 622: 15Computer FundamentalsThis chapter
Page 623 and 624: Computer Fundamentals 607Secondary
Page 625 and 626: Computer Fundamentals 60915.3.3 Cla
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670 Digital ElectronicsTriggerFigur
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672 Digital ElectronicsSignalSADC M
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674 Digital Electronics16.12.1.2 Ve
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678 Digital ElectronicsProbe BodyOs
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680 Digital ElectronicsTime BaseOsc
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682 Digital ElectronicsThe resoluti
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684 Digital ElectronicsI/PSamplerLP
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686 Digital ElectronicsReferenceOsc
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688 Digital ElectronicsFrequencyCon
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690 Digital Electronicssynthesizer
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692 Digital Electronicsto indicate
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694 Digital Electronics16.17.2.4 Cl
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696 Digital Electronicshaving a sam
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698 Digital Electronicsthe monitor
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700 Digital Electronicsetc., are th
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704 Digital Electronics(c) accuracy
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Index1’s complement 5, 610’s co
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Index 709A/D converter terminology
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Index 711Binary-to-hex conversion 1
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Index 713CoolRunner 347-8Counter ty
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Index 715Encoder 280-3EPROM 612, 62
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Index 717Hybrid computer 608Hystere
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Index 719Logic gates (Continued)NAN
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Index 721Multivibrator 357-71astabl
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Index 723Power supply decoupling 14
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Index 725Serial-in serial-out shift
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Index 727UP/DOWN counters 425-6US A
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