Digital Electronics: Principles, Devices and Applications

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416 Digital ElectronicsExample 11.2It is desired to design a binary ripple counter of the type shown in Fig. 11.1 that is capable of countingthe number of items passing on a conveyor belt. Each time an item passes a given point, a pulse isgenerated that can be used as a clock input. If the maximum number of items to be counted is 6000,determine the number of flip-flops required.Solution• The counter should be able to count a maximum of 6000 items.• An N -flip-flop would be able to count up to a maximum of 2 N − 1 counts.• On the 2 N th clock pulse, it will get reset to all 0s.• Now, 2 N − 1 should be greater than or equal to 6000.• That is, 2 N − 1 ≥ 6000, which gives N ≥ log 6001/log 2 ≥ 3.778/0.3010 ≥ 12.55.• The smallest integer that satisfies this condition is 13.• Therefore, the minimum number of flip-flops required = 1311.4.1 Binary Ripple Counters with a Modulus of Less than 2 NAn N -flip-flop binary ripple counter can be modified, as we will see in the following paragraphs, tohave any other modulus less than 2 N with the help of simple externally connected combinational logic.We will illustrate this simple concept with the help of an example.Consider the four-flip-flop binary ripple counter arrangement of Fig. 11.3(a). It uses J-K flip-flopswith an active LOW asynchronous CLEAR input. The NAND gate in the figure has its output connectedto the CLEAR inputs of all four flip-flops. The inputs to this three-input NAND gate are from the Qoutputs of flip-flops FF0, FF1 and FF2. If we disregard the NAND gate for some time, this counterwill go through its natural binary sequence from 0000 to 1111. But that is not to happen in the presentarrangement. The counter does start counting from 0000 towards its final count of 1111. The counterkeeps counting as long as the asynchronous CLEAR inputs of the different flip-flops are inactive. Thatis, the NAND gate output is HIGH. This is the case until the counter reaches 0110. With the seventhclock pulse it tends to go to 0111, which makes all NAND gate inputs HIGH, forcing its output toLOW. This HIGH-to-LOW transition at the NAND gate output clears all flip-flop outputs to the logic‘0’ state, thus disallowing the counter to settle at 0111. From the eighth clock pulse onwards, thecounter repeats the sequence. The counter thus always counts from 0000 to 0110 and resets back to0000. The remaining nine states, which include 0111, 1000, 1001, 1010, 1011, 1100, 1101, 1110 and1111, are skipped, with the result that we get an MOD-7 counter.Figure 11.3(b) shows the timing waveforms for this counter. By suitably choosing NAND inputs,one can get a counter with any MOD number less than 16. Examination of timing waveforms alsoreveals that the frequency of the Q 2 output is one-seventh of the input clock frequency.The waveform at the Q 2 output is, however, not symmetrical as it would be if the counter were togo through its full binary sequence. The Q 3 output stays in the logic LOW state. It is expected to beso because an MOD-7 counter needs a minimum of three flip-flops. That is why the fourth flip-flop,which was supposed to toggle on the HIGH-to-LOW transition of the eighth clock pulse, and on everysuccessive eighth pulse thereafter, never gets to that stage. The counter is cleared on the seventh clockpulse and every successive seventh clock pulse thereafter.As another illustration, if the NAND gate used in the counter arrangement of Fig. 11.3(a) is atwo-input NAND and its inputs are from the Q 1 and Q 3 outputs, the counter will go through 0000 to1001 and then reset to 0000 again, as, the moment the counter tends to switch from the 1001 to the1010 state, the NAND gate goes from the ‘1’ to the ‘0’ state, clearing all flip-flops to the ‘0’ state.
Q 00Counters and Registers 4171JQ 0JQ1JQ2JQ3Clock InClkFF0ClkFF1ClkFF2Clk FF3KClearKClearKClearKClearQ0Q1 Q2 Q3(a)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12Clock In11Q 101Q 20Q 3 01NANDOutput(b)0Figure 11.3 Binary ripple counter with a modulus of less than 2 N .
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Digital ElectronicsDigital Electron
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Copyright © 2007John Wiley & Sons
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ContentsPrefacexxi1 Number Systems
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ContentsixReview Questions 67Proble
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Contentsxi6.3.8 Theorem 8 1966.3.9
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Contentsxiii9.11.3 Verilog 3399.11.
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Contentsxv12.2.5 Nonlinearity and D
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Contentsxvii13.10.3 80286 Microproc
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ContentsxixReview Questions 650Prob
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PrefaceDigital electronics is essen
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Prefacexxiiilogic analysers, freque
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Number Systems 3The value or magnit
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Number Systems 5The 1’s complemen
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Number Systems 7• The fractional
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Number Systems 9• The octal equiv
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Number Systems 11Solution• The gi
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Number Systems 13Hexadecimal system
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Number Systems 15Byte-1 Byte-2 Byte
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Number Systems 17Therefore, the exp
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2Binary CodesThe present chapter is
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Binary Codes 212.1.3 Higher-Density
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Binary Codes 23Fractional part = .7
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Binary Codes 252.3.2 Gray Code-Bina
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Binary Codes 27Solution(a) The bina
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Binary Codes 29Table 2.6(continued)
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Binary Codes 39fabDPegdc(a)afbegcDP
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Binary Codes 412.6.1 Parity CodeA p
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Binary Codes 43Table 2.9Generation
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Binary Codes 456. What is a parity
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48 Digital ElectronicsTable 3.1Bina
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50 Digital ElectronicsCase 1• Con
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52 Digital Electronics2. (AF1.B3) 1
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54 Digital ElectronicsCase 2• Let
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56 Digital ElectronicsExample 3.4Su
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58 Digital Electronics0110 1000 rep
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60 Digital ElectronicsTable 3.3Mult
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62 Digital ElectronicsTable 3.6algo
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64 Digital ElectronicsTable 3.8 Exa
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66 Digital Electronicsquotient is g
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68 Digital Electronics5. Prove that
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70 Digital ElectronicsIf the two vo
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72 Digital ElectronicsABCY=A+B+C(a)
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74 Digital ElectronicsABY=A.B(a)A00
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76 Digital ElectronicsXY=X(a)XY=XX0
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78 Digital ElectronicsAY1BCY(a)ABCD
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80 Digital ElectronicsABYABY=A+B(a)
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82 Digital ElectronicsABCDY=A.B.C.D
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84 Digital Electronics'1''1'ab c d
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86 Digital ElectronicsAY=A(a)ABY=A+
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88 Digital ElectronicsAYBEA00001111
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90 Digital ElectronicsABCD(AB+CD+EF
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92 Digital Electronics(a)(b)4V (vol
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94 Digital Electronics'1'I/PI/P(Vol
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96 Digital ElectronicsIOHIIHIIHIIH(
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98 Digital ElectronicsThe output of
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100 Digital ElectronicsE1LLHE2LHXOp
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102 Digital Electronics1A1B2A2B3A3B
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104 Digital Electronics4.13.2 AND G
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106 Digital ElectronicsFigure 4.53(
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108 Digital ElectronicsTable 4.1(co
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110 Digital Electronics(c) a three-
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114 Digital Electronics6. It is pro
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116 Digital Electronicsother and th
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118 Digital Electronics5.1.2.3 ECL
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120 Digital Electronics• LOW-leve
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122 Digital Electronics• Enable t
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124 Digital ElectronicsExample 5.2R
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126 Digital Electronics+VCC+VCCR 3I
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128 Digital Electronics4K 1301.6KVC
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130 Digital Electronicsbe in cut-of
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132 Digital ElectronicsVCC4K1.6KInp
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134 Digital Electronicslow-power TT
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136 Digital Electronics5.3.5.1 Char
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138 Digital ElectronicsVCCR 137KR 2
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140 Digital Electronicsfeatures of
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142 Digital ElectronicsFigure 5.24H
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144 Digital Electronics+VCC+VCCR1IO
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146 Digital ElectronicsFigure 5.30
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148 Digital Electronics5.4.1.2 MECL
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150 Digital ElectronicsFigure 5.33E
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152 Digital Electronicsfunctions as
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154 Digital ElectronicsVDDAQ1BQ 2Y=
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156 Digital ElectronicsVDDAQ 1BQ2Q5
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158 Digital ElectronicsFigure 5.42T
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160 Digital Electronics+VDDQ7Q8Q5Q6
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162 Digital ElectronicsFigure 5.46C
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166 Digital Electronicslogic status
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168 Digital Electronics5.5.2.4 74AC
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170 Digital Electronics+VDDA+VDDA -
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172 Digital Electronics+VDDAQ 1Q 3Q
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174 Digital Electronicsthe conducti
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176 Digital Electronics+VRQ3Q4AAQ 2
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178 Digital Electronics74S00174S002
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180 Digital Electronicsvoltage of 5
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184 Digital ElectronicsI/PCMOSCMOS-
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6Boolean Algebra andSimplification
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Boolean Algebra and Simplification
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240 Digital ElectronicsABC inABC in
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248 Digital ElectronicsTable 7.1 Re
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250 Digital ElectronicsExample 7.1F
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260 Digital Electronics7.7 Arithmet
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264 Digital ElectronicsTable 7.2 Fu
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268 Digital ElectronicsFurther Read
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270 Digital ElectronicsI 0I 1I 2I 3
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272 Digital ElectronicsI 0I 12-to-1
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274 Digital ElectronicsI 0I 1YI 2I
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276 Digital ElectronicsTable 8.2 Im
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278 Digital ElectronicsSolution•
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280 Digital Electronics8.1.4 Cascad
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282 Digital ElectronicsD 0 D 1 D 2
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284 Digital ElectronicsExample 8.4W
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286 Digital ElectronicsAB2-to-40123
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288 Digital ElectronicsABC2 2012345
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290 Digital Electronics0CBA12 22F3-
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292 Digital Electronics(a) Since bo
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294 Digital ElectronicsTable 8.12(c
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296 Digital ElectronicsD 0I 0I 1S 0
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298 Digital ElectronicsFurther Read
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300 Digital Electronicslogic functi
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302 Digital Electronics3. In the ca
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304 Digital ElectronicsD C B AProgr
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306 Digital Electronicsa GAL device
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308 Digital Electronicslarge memory
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310 Digital ElectronicsA B C D EHar
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312 Digital ElectronicsSolution(a)
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314 Digital ElectronicsInputs(n)(k)
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316 Digital ElectronicsABCiSCoFigur
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318 Digital ElectronicsAA 1 0B1B000
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320 Digital ElectronicsA1A0B1B0O/P-
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322 Digital ElectronicsProgrammable
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324 Digital ElectronicsCDAB00 01 11
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326 Digital ElectronicsABCDP Q R SF
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328 Digital ElectronicsFigures 9.23
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330 Digital ElectronicsInputsGlobal
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332 Digital ElectronicsDQO/P4-input
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334 Digital Electronicsthat have ev
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336 Digital ElectronicsLogic CellSR
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338 Digital ElectronicsDesign Entry
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340 Digital Electronicsbraces to de
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342 Digital ElectronicsCLK120VccI02
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344 Digital ElectronicsCLK120VccI02
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346 Digital ElectronicsARDCLKQQ4to1
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348 Digital ElectronicsCentral Swit
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350 Digital ElectronicsTable 9.6Sal
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352 Digital ElectronicsQSA1A2A3A4A5
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354 Digital Electronics3. Determine
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10Flip-Flops and Related DevicesHav
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Flip-Flops and Related Devices 359V
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Flip-Flops and Related Devices 361+
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Flip-Flops and Related Devices 363p
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Page 439 and 440: Counters and Registers 421'1'JPrQ A
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Counters and Registers 467(9)CLK C1
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Counters and Registers 469Table 11.
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Counters and Registers 4711OutputCJ
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12Data Conversion Circuits - D/Aand
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Data Conversion Circuits - D/A and
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{Data Conversion Circuits - D/A and
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(Data Conversion Circuits - D/A and
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526 Digital ElectronicsAddress BusM
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528 Digital Electronicsyear 1973. I
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530 Digital Electronicsto the addre
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532 Digital ElectronicsDemultiplexe
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534 Digital Electronicscounter and
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536 Digital ElectronicsOperationReg
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538 Digital Electronics13.6.1.2 Pow
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540 Digital Electronics13.7 Program
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542 Digital ElectronicsX1X2RESET OU
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544 Digital ElectronicsTable 13.3Si
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{{546 Digital ElectronicsSystem Dat
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{548 Digital ElectronicsBus Interfa
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550 Digital ElectronicsData Registe
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552 Digital ElectronicsBarrelShifte
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554 Digital ElectronicsSequencer an
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556 Digital Electronics64-bit inter
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558 Digital Electronicsfrom the Pen
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560 Digital ElectronicsPentium bran
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562 Digital Electronicsfor microcom
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564 Digital Electronics4. Briefly d
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566 Digital ElectronicsROMEEPROMRAM
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568 Digital ElectronicsFromSensorsT
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570 Digital ElectronicsThe digital-
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572 Digital Electronicsare embedded
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574 Digital Electronicscomprises on
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576 Digital Electronics14.3.2 Mappi
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578 Digital ElectronicsRegister-1Re
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580 Digital ElectronicsYet another
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582 Digital ElectronicsT2/P1.0T2EX/
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584 Digital Electronics14.5.1.8 68H
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586 Digital ElectronicsPA7/PAI/OC1P
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588 Digital ElectronicsPeripheral-r
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*590 Digital ElectronicsPP3/PW3PP4P
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592 Digital Electronicssignal-proce
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594 Digital ElectronicsV CCMicrocon
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596 Digital ElectronicsV CCI/O PinI
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598 Digital Electronicsdp1234567abc
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600 Digital ElectronicsV CC3V CC2Mi
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602 Digital ElectronicsReview Quest
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15Computer FundamentalsThis chapter
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Computer Fundamentals 607Secondary
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Computer Fundamentals 60915.3.3 Cla
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Computer Fundamentals 611CPURegiste
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Computer Fundamentals 613SelectData
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Computer Fundamentals 615DataInputI
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Computer Fundamentals 6171t RCAddre
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Computer Fundamentals 619as in the
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Computer Fundamentals 6211MUX1RAS1C
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Computer Fundamentals 623CLKCentral
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Computer Fundamentals 6251AddressIn
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Computer Fundamentals 627Row-0+V CC
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Computer Fundamentals 629erasabilit
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Computer Fundamentals 631code conve
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Computer Fundamentals 633AB 3Addres
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Computer Fundamentals 635and RAM-2
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Computer Fundamentals 637A 0 A 1 A
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Computer Fundamentals 63912 34 5678
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Computer Fundamentals 64115.8.2.1 I
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Computer Fundamentals 64315.9.1 Inp
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Computer Fundamentals 645The plasma
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Computer Fundamentals 647the disk s
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Computer Fundamentals 649The read o
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Computer Fundamentals 6512. A certa
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654 Digital ElectronicsFault detect
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656 Digital Electronics16.1.2.1 Ope
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658 Digital ElectronicsI 1456I 2121
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660 Digital ElectronicsClk-11Clk1D1
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662 Digital Electronicsthe clock si
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664 Digital ElectronicsSolution•
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666 Digital Electronics16.6.1 Advan
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670 Digital ElectronicsTriggerFigur
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672 Digital ElectronicsSignalSADC M
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674 Digital Electronics16.12.1.2 Ve
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678 Digital ElectronicsProbe BodyOs
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680 Digital ElectronicsTime BaseOsc
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682 Digital ElectronicsThe resoluti
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684 Digital ElectronicsI/PSamplerLP
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686 Digital ElectronicsReferenceOsc
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688 Digital ElectronicsFrequencyCon
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690 Digital Electronicssynthesizer
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692 Digital Electronicsto indicate
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694 Digital Electronics16.17.2.4 Cl
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696 Digital Electronicshaving a sam
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698 Digital Electronicsthe monitor
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700 Digital Electronicsetc., are th
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704 Digital Electronics(c) accuracy
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Index1’s complement 5, 610’s co
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Index 709A/D converter terminology
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Index 711Binary-to-hex conversion 1
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Index 713CoolRunner 347-8Counter ty
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Index 715Encoder 280-3EPROM 612, 62
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Index 717Hybrid computer 608Hystere
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Index 719Logic gates (Continued)NAN
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Index 721Multivibrator 357-71astabl
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Index 723Power supply decoupling 14
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Index 725Serial-in serial-out shift
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Index 727UP/DOWN counters 425-6US A
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