Digital Electronics: Principles, Devices and Applications

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472 Digital Electronics3. Floyd, T. L. (2005) Digital Fundamentals, Prentice-Hall Inc., USA.4. Tokheim, R. L. (1994) Schaum’s Outline Series of Digital Principles, McGraw-Hill Companies Inc., USA.5. Tocci, R. J. (2006) Digital Systems – Principles and Applications, Prentice-Hall Inc., NJ, USA.6. Malvino, A. P. and Leach, D. P. (1994) Digital Principles and Applications, McGraw-Hill Book Company,USA.
12Data Conversion Circuits – D/Aand A/D ConvertersDigital-to-analogue (D/A) and analogue-to-digital (A/D) converters constitute an essential link whendigital devices interface with analogue devices, and vice versa. They are important building blocksof any digital system, including both communication and noncommunication systems, besides havingother applications. A D/A converter is important not only because it is needed at the output of mostdigital systems, where it converts a digital signal into an analogue voltage or current so that it can be fedto a chart recorder, for instance, for measurement purposes, or a servo motor in a control application;it is also important because it forms an indispensable part of the majority of A/D converter types. AnA/D converter, too, has numerous applications. When it comes to transmitting analogue data, it formsan essential interface with a digital communication system where the analogue signal to be transmittedis digitized at the sending end with an A/D converter. It is invariably used in all digital read-outtest and measuring equipment. Whether it is a digital multimeter or a digital storage oscilloscope oreven a pH meter, an A/D converter is an important and essential component of all of them. In thischapter, we will discuss the operational fundamentals, the major performance specifications, along withtheir significance, and different types and applications of digital-to-analogue and analogue-to-digitalconverters, in addition to application-relevant information of some of the popular devices. A largenumber of solved examples is also included to illustrate the concepts.12.1 Digital-to-Analogue ConvertersA D/A converter takes digital data at its input and converts them into analogue voltage or current thatis proportional to the weighted sum of digital inputs. In the following paragraphs it is briefly explainedDigital Electronics: Principles, Devices and Applications Anil K. Maini©2007 John Wiley &Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-03214-5
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Digital ElectronicsDigital Electron
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Copyright © 2007John Wiley & Sons
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ContentsPrefacexxi1 Number Systems
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ContentsixReview Questions 67Proble
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Contentsxi6.3.8 Theorem 8 1966.3.9
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Contentsxiii9.11.3 Verilog 3399.11.
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Contentsxv12.2.5 Nonlinearity and D
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Contentsxvii13.10.3 80286 Microproc
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ContentsxixReview Questions 650Prob
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PrefaceDigital electronics is essen
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Prefacexxiiilogic analysers, freque
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Number Systems 3The value or magnit
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Number Systems 5The 1’s complemen
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Number Systems 7• The fractional
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Number Systems 9• The octal equiv
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Number Systems 11Solution• The gi
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Number Systems 13Hexadecimal system
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Number Systems 15Byte-1 Byte-2 Byte
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Number Systems 17Therefore, the exp
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2Binary CodesThe present chapter is
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Binary Codes 212.1.3 Higher-Density
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Binary Codes 23Fractional part = .7
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Binary Codes 252.3.2 Gray Code-Bina
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Binary Codes 27Solution(a) The bina
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Binary Codes 29Table 2.6(continued)
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Binary Codes 39fabDPegdc(a)afbegcDP
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Binary Codes 412.6.1 Parity CodeA p
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Binary Codes 43Table 2.9Generation
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Binary Codes 456. What is a parity
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48 Digital ElectronicsTable 3.1Bina
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50 Digital ElectronicsCase 1• Con
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52 Digital Electronics2. (AF1.B3) 1
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54 Digital ElectronicsCase 2• Let
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56 Digital ElectronicsExample 3.4Su
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58 Digital Electronics0110 1000 rep
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60 Digital ElectronicsTable 3.3Mult
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62 Digital ElectronicsTable 3.6algo
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64 Digital ElectronicsTable 3.8 Exa
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66 Digital Electronicsquotient is g
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68 Digital Electronics5. Prove that
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70 Digital ElectronicsIf the two vo
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72 Digital ElectronicsABCY=A+B+C(a)
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74 Digital ElectronicsABY=A.B(a)A00
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76 Digital ElectronicsXY=X(a)XY=XX0
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78 Digital ElectronicsAY1BCY(a)ABCD
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80 Digital ElectronicsABYABY=A+B(a)
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82 Digital ElectronicsABCDY=A.B.C.D
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84 Digital Electronics'1''1'ab c d
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86 Digital ElectronicsAY=A(a)ABY=A+
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88 Digital ElectronicsAYBEA00001111
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90 Digital ElectronicsABCD(AB+CD+EF
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92 Digital Electronics(a)(b)4V (vol
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94 Digital Electronics'1'I/PI/P(Vol
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96 Digital ElectronicsIOHIIHIIHIIH(
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98 Digital ElectronicsThe output of
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100 Digital ElectronicsE1LLHE2LHXOp
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102 Digital Electronics1A1B2A2B3A3B
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104 Digital Electronics4.13.2 AND G
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106 Digital ElectronicsFigure 4.53(
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108 Digital ElectronicsTable 4.1(co
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110 Digital Electronics(c) a three-
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114 Digital Electronics6. It is pro
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116 Digital Electronicsother and th
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118 Digital Electronics5.1.2.3 ECL
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120 Digital Electronics• LOW-leve
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122 Digital Electronics• Enable t
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124 Digital ElectronicsExample 5.2R
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126 Digital Electronics+VCC+VCCR 3I
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128 Digital Electronics4K 1301.6KVC
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130 Digital Electronicsbe in cut-of
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132 Digital ElectronicsVCC4K1.6KInp
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134 Digital Electronicslow-power TT
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136 Digital Electronics5.3.5.1 Char
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138 Digital ElectronicsVCCR 137KR 2
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140 Digital Electronicsfeatures of
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142 Digital ElectronicsFigure 5.24H
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144 Digital Electronics+VCC+VCCR1IO
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146 Digital ElectronicsFigure 5.30
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148 Digital Electronics5.4.1.2 MECL
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150 Digital ElectronicsFigure 5.33E
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152 Digital Electronicsfunctions as
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154 Digital ElectronicsVDDAQ1BQ 2Y=
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156 Digital ElectronicsVDDAQ 1BQ2Q5
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158 Digital ElectronicsFigure 5.42T
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160 Digital Electronics+VDDQ7Q8Q5Q6
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162 Digital ElectronicsFigure 5.46C
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166 Digital Electronicslogic status
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168 Digital Electronics5.5.2.4 74AC
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170 Digital Electronics+VDDA+VDDA -
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172 Digital Electronics+VDDAQ 1Q 3Q
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174 Digital Electronicsthe conducti
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176 Digital Electronics+VRQ3Q4AAQ 2
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178 Digital Electronics74S00174S002
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180 Digital Electronicsvoltage of 5
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182 Digital Electronics+5V10KI/PTTL
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184 Digital ElectronicsI/PCMOSCMOS-
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6Boolean Algebra andSimplification
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Boolean Algebra and Simplification
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234 Digital Electronics'n'InputsCom
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236 Digital Electronicsof Boolean e
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238 Digital ElectronicsC in C out11
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240 Digital ElectronicsABC inABC in
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242 Digital ElectronicsABHalfSubtra
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246 Digital ElectronicsFigure 7.19F
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248 Digital ElectronicsTable 7.1 Re
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250 Digital ElectronicsExample 7.1F
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252 Digital ElectronicsSolutionLet
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260 Digital Electronics7.7 Arithmet
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264 Digital ElectronicsTable 7.2 Fu
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266 Digital ElectronicsTable 7.3Com
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268 Digital ElectronicsFurther Read
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270 Digital ElectronicsI 0I 1I 2I 3
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272 Digital ElectronicsI 0I 12-to-1
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276 Digital ElectronicsTable 8.2 Im
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278 Digital ElectronicsSolution•
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280 Digital Electronics8.1.4 Cascad
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282 Digital ElectronicsD 0 D 1 D 2
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284 Digital ElectronicsExample 8.4W
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286 Digital ElectronicsAB2-to-40123
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288 Digital ElectronicsABC2 2012345
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290 Digital Electronics0CBA12 22F3-
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292 Digital Electronics(a) Since bo
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294 Digital ElectronicsTable 8.12(c
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296 Digital ElectronicsD 0I 0I 1S 0
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298 Digital ElectronicsFurther Read
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300 Digital Electronicslogic functi
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302 Digital Electronics3. In the ca
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304 Digital ElectronicsD C B AProgr
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306 Digital Electronicsa GAL device
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308 Digital Electronicslarge memory
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310 Digital ElectronicsA B C D EHar
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312 Digital ElectronicsSolution(a)
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314 Digital ElectronicsInputs(n)(k)
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316 Digital ElectronicsABCiSCoFigur
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318 Digital ElectronicsAA 1 0B1B000
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320 Digital ElectronicsA1A0B1B0O/P-
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322 Digital ElectronicsProgrammable
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324 Digital ElectronicsCDAB00 01 11
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326 Digital ElectronicsABCDP Q R SF
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328 Digital ElectronicsFigures 9.23
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330 Digital ElectronicsInputsGlobal
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332 Digital ElectronicsDQO/P4-input
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334 Digital Electronicsthat have ev
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336 Digital ElectronicsLogic CellSR
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338 Digital ElectronicsDesign Entry
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340 Digital Electronicsbraces to de
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342 Digital ElectronicsCLK120VccI02
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344 Digital ElectronicsCLK120VccI02
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346 Digital ElectronicsARDCLKQQ4to1
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348 Digital ElectronicsCentral Swit
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350 Digital ElectronicsTable 9.6Sal
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352 Digital ElectronicsQSA1A2A3A4A5
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354 Digital Electronics3. Determine
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10Flip-Flops and Related DevicesHav
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Flip-Flops and Related Devices 359V
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Flip-Flops and Related Devices 361+
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Flip-Flops and Related Devices 363p
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Flip-Flops and Related Devices 369v
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Flip-Flops and Related Devices 383C
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Flip-Flops and Related Devices 389a
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Flip-Flops and Related Devices 407w
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Flip-Flops and Related Devices 409(
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11Counters and RegistersCounters an
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Counters and Registers 413ripple co
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Counters and Registers 415Table 11.
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Q 00Counters and Registers 4171JQ 0
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Counters and Registers 419Table 11.
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Page 441 and 442: Counters and Registers 42311.5 Sync
Page 443 and 444: Counters and Registers 425Table 11.
Page 445 and 446: Counters and Registers 427Presettab
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Page 449 and 450: Counters and Registers 431Input AAO
Page 451 and 452: Counters and Registers 433ClockA-Ou
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Page 455 and 456: Counters and Registers 437+V CCGNDU
Page 459 and 460: Counters and Registers 441The circu
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Page 465 and 466: Counters and Registers 447Figure 11
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Page 475 and 476: Figure 11.43 Logic diagram of IC 74
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Page 479 and 480: Counters and Registers 461Clock-Inp
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Page 483 and 484: Counters and Registers 465R0(1)R0(2
Page 485 and 486: Counters and Registers 467(9)CLK C1
Page 489: Counters and Registers 4711OutputCJ
Page 493 and 494: Data Conversion Circuits - D/A and
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Data Conversion Circuits - D/A and
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526 Digital ElectronicsAddress BusM
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528 Digital Electronicsyear 1973. I
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530 Digital Electronicsto the addre
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532 Digital ElectronicsDemultiplexe
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534 Digital Electronicscounter and
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536 Digital ElectronicsOperationReg
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538 Digital Electronics13.6.1.2 Pow
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540 Digital Electronics13.7 Program
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542 Digital ElectronicsX1X2RESET OU
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544 Digital ElectronicsTable 13.3Si
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{{546 Digital ElectronicsSystem Dat
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{548 Digital ElectronicsBus Interfa
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550 Digital ElectronicsData Registe
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552 Digital ElectronicsBarrelShifte
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554 Digital ElectronicsSequencer an
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556 Digital Electronics64-bit inter
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558 Digital Electronicsfrom the Pen
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560 Digital ElectronicsPentium bran
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562 Digital Electronicsfor microcom
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564 Digital Electronics4. Briefly d
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566 Digital ElectronicsROMEEPROMRAM
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568 Digital ElectronicsFromSensorsT
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570 Digital ElectronicsThe digital-
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572 Digital Electronicsare embedded
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574 Digital Electronicscomprises on
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576 Digital Electronics14.3.2 Mappi
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578 Digital ElectronicsRegister-1Re
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580 Digital ElectronicsYet another
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582 Digital ElectronicsT2/P1.0T2EX/
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584 Digital Electronics14.5.1.8 68H
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586 Digital ElectronicsPA7/PAI/OC1P
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588 Digital ElectronicsPeripheral-r
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*590 Digital ElectronicsPP3/PW3PP4P
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592 Digital Electronicssignal-proce
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594 Digital ElectronicsV CCMicrocon
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596 Digital ElectronicsV CCI/O PinI
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598 Digital Electronicsdp1234567abc
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600 Digital ElectronicsV CC3V CC2Mi
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602 Digital ElectronicsReview Quest
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15Computer FundamentalsThis chapter
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Computer Fundamentals 607Secondary
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Computer Fundamentals 60915.3.3 Cla
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Computer Fundamentals 611CPURegiste
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Computer Fundamentals 613SelectData
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Computer Fundamentals 615DataInputI
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Computer Fundamentals 6171t RCAddre
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Computer Fundamentals 619as in the
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Computer Fundamentals 6211MUX1RAS1C
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Computer Fundamentals 623CLKCentral
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Computer Fundamentals 6251AddressIn
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Computer Fundamentals 627Row-0+V CC
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Computer Fundamentals 629erasabilit
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Computer Fundamentals 631code conve
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Computer Fundamentals 633AB 3Addres
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Computer Fundamentals 635and RAM-2
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Computer Fundamentals 637A 0 A 1 A
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Computer Fundamentals 63912 34 5678
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Computer Fundamentals 64115.8.2.1 I
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Computer Fundamentals 64315.9.1 Inp
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Computer Fundamentals 645The plasma
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Computer Fundamentals 647the disk s
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Computer Fundamentals 649The read o
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Computer Fundamentals 6512. A certa
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654 Digital ElectronicsFault detect
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656 Digital Electronics16.1.2.1 Ope
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658 Digital ElectronicsI 1456I 2121
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660 Digital ElectronicsClk-11Clk1D1
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662 Digital Electronicsthe clock si
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664 Digital ElectronicsSolution•
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666 Digital Electronics16.6.1 Advan
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670 Digital ElectronicsTriggerFigur
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672 Digital ElectronicsSignalSADC M
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674 Digital Electronics16.12.1.2 Ve
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678 Digital ElectronicsProbe BodyOs
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680 Digital ElectronicsTime BaseOsc
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682 Digital ElectronicsThe resoluti
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684 Digital ElectronicsI/PSamplerLP
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686 Digital ElectronicsReferenceOsc
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688 Digital ElectronicsFrequencyCon
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690 Digital Electronicssynthesizer
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692 Digital Electronicsto indicate
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694 Digital Electronics16.17.2.4 Cl
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696 Digital Electronicshaving a sam
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698 Digital Electronicsthe monitor
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700 Digital Electronicsetc., are th
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704 Digital Electronics(c) accuracy
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Index1’s complement 5, 610’s co
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Index 709A/D converter terminology
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Index 711Binary-to-hex conversion 1
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Index 713CoolRunner 347-8Counter ty
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Index 715Encoder 280-3EPROM 612, 62
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Index 717Hybrid computer 608Hystere
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Index 719Logic gates (Continued)NAN
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Index 721Multivibrator 357-71astabl
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Index 723Power supply decoupling 14
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Index 725Serial-in serial-out shift
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Index 727UP/DOWN counters 425-6US A
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