Digital Electronics: Principles, Devices and Applications

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Microprocessors 5515. Immediate addressing (immediate and quick immediate).6. Implied addressing (implied register).13.11 32-Bit MicroprocessorsThis section describes the block diagram, internal architecture, salient features and instruction set ofsome of the most popular 32-bit microprocessors, namely 80386 of Intel and 68020 and 68030 ofMotorola. It also gives an introduction to Intel’s 80486 and Pentium series of processors.13.11.1 80386 Microprocessor80386 is a 32-bit microprocessor and is the logical extension of 80286. It provides multitasking support,memory management, pipeline architecture, address translation caches and a high-speed bus interfacein a single chip. 80386 can be operated from a 12.5, 16, 20, 25 or 33 MHz clock. The 80386 has threeprocessing modes, namely the protected mode, the real address mode and the virtual 8086 mode. Theprotected mode is the natural 32-bit environment of the 80386 processor. In this mode, all instructionsand features are available. The real address mode is the mode of the processor immediately afterRESET. In real mode, 80386 appears to programmers as a fast 8086 with some new instructions. Mostapplications of the 80386 will use the real mode for initialization only. The virtual 8086 mode (alsocalled the V86 mode) is a dynamic mode in the sense that the processor can switch repeatedly andrapidly between V86 mode and protected mode.Two versions of 80386, namely the 80386DX and the 80386SX, are commonly available. 80386SXis a reduced bus version of the 80386. The 80386DX addresses 4 GB of memory through its 32-bit databus and 32-bit address bus. The 80386SX addresses 16 MB of memory with its 24-bit address bus. Itwas developed after the 80386DX for applications that did not require the full 32-bit bus version. Anew version of 80386, named the 80386EX, incorporates the AT bus system, dynamic RAM controller,programmable chip selection guide, 26 address pins, 16 data pins and 24 I/O pins. Figure 13.17 showsthe block diagram of the 80386 processor.13.11.1.1 80386 DX registers80386 DX contains a total of 32 registers. These registers may be grouped into general registers,segment registers, status and instruction registers, control registers, system address registers and debugand test registers.13.11.1.2 Instruction Set80386 DX executes the following instruction types:1. Data movement instructions (general-purpose data movement instructions, stack manipulationinstructions and type conversion instructions).2. Binary arithmetic instructions (addition and subtraction instructions, comparison and size changeinstructions, multiplication instructions and division instructions).3. Decimal arithmetic instructions (packed BCD adjustment and unpacked BCD adjustmentinstructions).
552 Digital ElectronicsBarrelShifter,AdderMultiply/DivideRegisterFileALUProtectionTest UnitStatusFlagsEffective Address BusEffective Address BusALUControlDecode andSequencingControlROMControl3232DisplacementBu sSegmentationUnit3-InputAdderDiscriptorRegistersLimit andAttributePLAInternal Control BusInstructionDecoder3-DecodedInstructionQueueInstructionPredecodeLinearAddress Bu sCodeStream3232Paging UnitAdderPageCacheControl andAttributePLAPrefetcher/Limit Checker16 Byte CodeQueueInstructionPrefectchCode Fetch/Page Table Fetc h34PhysicalAddress Bu s3232Bus ControlRequestPrioritizerControlAddressDriverPipeline/Bus SizeControlMultiplexerTransceiversHOLD, INTR,NMI, ERROR,BUSY RESET,HLDABE0#-BE3#A2-A31M/IO#, D/C#,W/R#, LOCK#,ADS#, NA#,BS16#, READY#D0-D31Dedicated ALU BusFigure 13.17Block diagram of the 80386 microprocessor.4. Logical instructions (Boolean operation, bit test and modify, bit scan, rotate and shift, byte set ONcondition).5. Control transfer instructions (unconditional transfer, conditional transfer, software-generatedinterrupts).6. String and character translation instructions (repeat prefixes, indexing and direction flag control,string instructions).7. Instructions for block-structured languages.8. Flag control instructions (carry and direction flag control instructions and flag transfer instructions).9. Coprocessor interface instructions.10. Segment register instructions (segment register transfer, far-control transfer and data pointerinstructions).11. Miscellaneous instructions (address calculation, no-operation instruction and translate instruction).13.11.1.3 Addressing Modes80386 DX supports a total of 11 addressing modes as follows:1. Register and immediate modes. These two modes provide for instructions that operate on registeror immediate operands. These include register addressing mode and immediate addressing mode.2. 32-bit memory addressing modes. The remaining nine modes provide a mechanism for specifyingthe effective address of an operand. Here, the effective address is calculated by using combinationsof displacement, base, index and scale address elements. The combination of these four elements
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Digital ElectronicsDigital Electron
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Copyright © 2007John Wiley & Sons
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ContentsPrefacexxi1 Number Systems
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ContentsixReview Questions 67Proble
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Contentsxi6.3.8 Theorem 8 1966.3.9
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Contentsxiii9.11.3 Verilog 3399.11.
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Contentsxv12.2.5 Nonlinearity and D
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Contentsxvii13.10.3 80286 Microproc
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ContentsxixReview Questions 650Prob
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PrefaceDigital electronics is essen
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Prefacexxiiilogic analysers, freque
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Number Systems 3The value or magnit
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Number Systems 5The 1’s complemen
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Number Systems 7• The fractional
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Number Systems 9• The octal equiv
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Number Systems 11Solution• The gi
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Number Systems 13Hexadecimal system
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Number Systems 15Byte-1 Byte-2 Byte
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Number Systems 17Therefore, the exp
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2Binary CodesThe present chapter is
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Binary Codes 212.1.3 Higher-Density
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Binary Codes 23Fractional part = .7
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Binary Codes 252.3.2 Gray Code-Bina
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Binary Codes 27Solution(a) The bina
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Binary Codes 29Table 2.6(continued)
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Binary Codes 39fabDPegdc(a)afbegcDP
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Binary Codes 412.6.1 Parity CodeA p
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Binary Codes 43Table 2.9Generation
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Binary Codes 456. What is a parity
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48 Digital ElectronicsTable 3.1Bina
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50 Digital ElectronicsCase 1• Con
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52 Digital Electronics2. (AF1.B3) 1
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54 Digital ElectronicsCase 2• Let
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56 Digital ElectronicsExample 3.4Su
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58 Digital Electronics0110 1000 rep
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60 Digital ElectronicsTable 3.3Mult
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62 Digital ElectronicsTable 3.6algo
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64 Digital ElectronicsTable 3.8 Exa
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66 Digital Electronicsquotient is g
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68 Digital Electronics5. Prove that
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70 Digital ElectronicsIf the two vo
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72 Digital ElectronicsABCY=A+B+C(a)
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74 Digital ElectronicsABY=A.B(a)A00
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76 Digital ElectronicsXY=X(a)XY=XX0
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78 Digital ElectronicsAY1BCY(a)ABCD
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80 Digital ElectronicsABYABY=A+B(a)
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82 Digital ElectronicsABCDY=A.B.C.D
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84 Digital Electronics'1''1'ab c d
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86 Digital ElectronicsAY=A(a)ABY=A+
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88 Digital ElectronicsAYBEA00001111
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90 Digital ElectronicsABCD(AB+CD+EF
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92 Digital Electronics(a)(b)4V (vol
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94 Digital Electronics'1'I/PI/P(Vol
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96 Digital ElectronicsIOHIIHIIHIIH(
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98 Digital ElectronicsThe output of
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100 Digital ElectronicsE1LLHE2LHXOp
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102 Digital Electronics1A1B2A2B3A3B
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104 Digital Electronics4.13.2 AND G
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106 Digital ElectronicsFigure 4.53(
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108 Digital ElectronicsTable 4.1(co
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110 Digital Electronics(c) a three-
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114 Digital Electronics6. It is pro
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116 Digital Electronicsother and th
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118 Digital Electronics5.1.2.3 ECL
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120 Digital Electronics• LOW-leve
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122 Digital Electronics• Enable t
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124 Digital ElectronicsExample 5.2R
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126 Digital Electronics+VCC+VCCR 3I
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128 Digital Electronics4K 1301.6KVC
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130 Digital Electronicsbe in cut-of
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132 Digital ElectronicsVCC4K1.6KInp
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134 Digital Electronicslow-power TT
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136 Digital Electronics5.3.5.1 Char
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138 Digital ElectronicsVCCR 137KR 2
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140 Digital Electronicsfeatures of
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142 Digital ElectronicsFigure 5.24H
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144 Digital Electronics+VCC+VCCR1IO
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146 Digital ElectronicsFigure 5.30
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148 Digital Electronics5.4.1.2 MECL
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150 Digital ElectronicsFigure 5.33E
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152 Digital Electronicsfunctions as
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154 Digital ElectronicsVDDAQ1BQ 2Y=
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156 Digital ElectronicsVDDAQ 1BQ2Q5
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158 Digital ElectronicsFigure 5.42T
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160 Digital Electronics+VDDQ7Q8Q5Q6
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162 Digital ElectronicsFigure 5.46C
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166 Digital Electronicslogic status
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168 Digital Electronics5.5.2.4 74AC
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170 Digital Electronics+VDDA+VDDA -
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172 Digital Electronics+VDDAQ 1Q 3Q
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174 Digital Electronicsthe conducti
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178 Digital Electronics74S00174S002
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180 Digital Electronicsvoltage of 5
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182 Digital Electronics+5V10KI/PTTL
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184 Digital ElectronicsI/PCMOSCMOS-
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6Boolean Algebra andSimplification
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Boolean Algebra and Simplification
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234 Digital Electronics'n'InputsCom
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240 Digital ElectronicsABC inABC in
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246 Digital ElectronicsFigure 7.19F
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248 Digital ElectronicsTable 7.1 Re
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250 Digital ElectronicsExample 7.1F
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252 Digital ElectronicsSolutionLet
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256 Digital Electronicsotherwise ha
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260 Digital Electronics7.7 Arithmet
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264 Digital ElectronicsTable 7.2 Fu
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266 Digital ElectronicsTable 7.3Com
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268 Digital ElectronicsFurther Read
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270 Digital ElectronicsI 0I 1I 2I 3
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272 Digital ElectronicsI 0I 12-to-1
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274 Digital ElectronicsI 0I 1YI 2I
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276 Digital ElectronicsTable 8.2 Im
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278 Digital ElectronicsSolution•
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280 Digital Electronics8.1.4 Cascad
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282 Digital ElectronicsD 0 D 1 D 2
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284 Digital ElectronicsExample 8.4W
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286 Digital ElectronicsAB2-to-40123
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288 Digital ElectronicsABC2 2012345
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290 Digital Electronics0CBA12 22F3-
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292 Digital Electronics(a) Since bo
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294 Digital ElectronicsTable 8.12(c
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296 Digital ElectronicsD 0I 0I 1S 0
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298 Digital ElectronicsFurther Read
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300 Digital Electronicslogic functi
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302 Digital Electronics3. In the ca
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304 Digital ElectronicsD C B AProgr
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306 Digital Electronicsa GAL device
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308 Digital Electronicslarge memory
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310 Digital ElectronicsA B C D EHar
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312 Digital ElectronicsSolution(a)
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314 Digital ElectronicsInputs(n)(k)
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316 Digital ElectronicsABCiSCoFigur
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318 Digital ElectronicsAA 1 0B1B000
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320 Digital ElectronicsA1A0B1B0O/P-
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322 Digital ElectronicsProgrammable
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324 Digital ElectronicsCDAB00 01 11
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326 Digital ElectronicsABCDP Q R SF
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328 Digital ElectronicsFigures 9.23
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330 Digital ElectronicsInputsGlobal
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332 Digital ElectronicsDQO/P4-input
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334 Digital Electronicsthat have ev
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336 Digital ElectronicsLogic CellSR
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338 Digital ElectronicsDesign Entry
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340 Digital Electronicsbraces to de
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342 Digital ElectronicsCLK120VccI02
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344 Digital ElectronicsCLK120VccI02
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346 Digital ElectronicsARDCLKQQ4to1
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348 Digital ElectronicsCentral Swit
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350 Digital ElectronicsTable 9.6Sal
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352 Digital ElectronicsQSA1A2A3A4A5
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354 Digital Electronics3. Determine
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10Flip-Flops and Related DevicesHav
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Flip-Flops and Related Devices 359V
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Flip-Flops and Related Devices 361+
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Flip-Flops and Related Devices 407w
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Flip-Flops and Related Devices 409(
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11Counters and RegistersCounters an
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Counters and Registers 413ripple co
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Counters and Registers 415Table 11.
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Q 00Counters and Registers 4171JQ 0
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Counters and Registers 421'1'JPrQ A
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Counters and Registers 42311.5 Sync
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Counters and Registers 427Presettab
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Counters and Registers 429Clk(D)Q 0
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Counters and Registers 431Input AAO
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Counters and Registers 433ClockA-Ou
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Counters and Registers 435PLP3 P2 P
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Counters and Registers 437+V CCGNDU
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Counters and Registers 441The circu
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Counters and Registers 445CX (C) 1B
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Counters and Registers 447Figure 11
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Counters and Registers 449to the dr
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Figure 11.43 Logic diagram of IC 74
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Counters and Registers 45911.13 Shi
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Counters and Registers 461Clock-Inp
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Counters and Registers 4631JFClockC
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Counters and Registers 465R0(1)R0(2
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Counters and Registers 467(9)CLK C1
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Counters and Registers 4711OutputCJ
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12Data Conversion Circuits - D/Aand
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Data Conversion Circuits - D/A and
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{Data Conversion Circuits - D/A and
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(Data Conversion Circuits - D/A and
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602 Digital ElectronicsReview Quest
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15Computer FundamentalsThis chapter
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Computer Fundamentals 607Secondary
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Computer Fundamentals 60915.3.3 Cla
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Computer Fundamentals 611CPURegiste
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Computer Fundamentals 613SelectData
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Computer Fundamentals 615DataInputI
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Computer Fundamentals 6171t RCAddre
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Computer Fundamentals 619as in the
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Computer Fundamentals 6211MUX1RAS1C
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Computer Fundamentals 623CLKCentral
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Computer Fundamentals 6251AddressIn
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Computer Fundamentals 627Row-0+V CC
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Computer Fundamentals 629erasabilit
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Computer Fundamentals 631code conve
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Computer Fundamentals 633AB 3Addres
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Computer Fundamentals 635and RAM-2
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Computer Fundamentals 637A 0 A 1 A
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Computer Fundamentals 63912 34 5678
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Computer Fundamentals 64115.8.2.1 I
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Computer Fundamentals 64315.9.1 Inp
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Computer Fundamentals 645The plasma
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Computer Fundamentals 647the disk s
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Computer Fundamentals 649The read o
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Computer Fundamentals 6512. A certa
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654 Digital ElectronicsFault detect
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656 Digital Electronics16.1.2.1 Ope
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658 Digital ElectronicsI 1456I 2121
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660 Digital ElectronicsClk-11Clk1D1
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662 Digital Electronicsthe clock si
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664 Digital ElectronicsSolution•
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666 Digital Electronics16.6.1 Advan
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670 Digital ElectronicsTriggerFigur
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672 Digital ElectronicsSignalSADC M
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674 Digital Electronics16.12.1.2 Ve
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678 Digital ElectronicsProbe BodyOs
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680 Digital ElectronicsTime BaseOsc
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682 Digital ElectronicsThe resoluti
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684 Digital ElectronicsI/PSamplerLP
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686 Digital ElectronicsReferenceOsc
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688 Digital ElectronicsFrequencyCon
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690 Digital Electronicssynthesizer
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692 Digital Electronicsto indicate
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694 Digital Electronics16.17.2.4 Cl
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696 Digital Electronicshaving a sam
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698 Digital Electronicsthe monitor
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700 Digital Electronicsetc., are th
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704 Digital Electronics(c) accuracy
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Index1’s complement 5, 610’s co
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Index 709A/D converter terminology
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Index 711Binary-to-hex conversion 1
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Index 713CoolRunner 347-8Counter ty
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Index 715Encoder 280-3EPROM 612, 62
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Index 717Hybrid computer 608Hystere
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Index 719Logic gates (Continued)NAN
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Index 721Multivibrator 357-71astabl
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Index 723Power supply decoupling 14
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Index 725Serial-in serial-out shift
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Index 727UP/DOWN counters 425-6US A
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