Digital Electronics: Principles, Devices and Applications

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Microprocessors 555and an improved bus interface. The MC68030 fully supports the nonmultiplexed bus structure of theMC68020, with 32 bits of address and 32 bits of data. The MC68030 bus has an enhanced controllerthat supports both asynchronous and synchronous bus cycles and burst data transfers.13.11.4 80486 MicroprocessorThe 80486 (i486 is the trade name) offers high performance for DOS, OS/2, Windows and UNIXSystem V applications. It is 100 % compatible with 80386 DX and SX microprocessors. One milliontransistors integrate cache memory, floating-point hardware and a memory management unit on-chipwhile retaining binary compatibility with previous members of the x86 architectural family. Frequentlyused instructions execute in one cycle, resulting in RISC performance levels. An eight-byte unifiedcode and data cache combined with an 80/106 MB/s burst bus at 25/33 MHz ensure high systemthroughput even with inexpensive DRAMs.The 80486 microprocessor is currently available in versions operating at 25, 33, 50, 66 and 100MHz frequency. It is available as 80486DX and 80486SX. The only difference between these twodevices is that 80486SX does not contain the numeric coprocessor. The 80487SX numeric coprocessoris available as a separate component for the 80486SX microprocessor.Salient features of the 80486 processor include:1. Full binary compatibility with 386 DX CPU, 386 SX CPU, 376 embedded processor and 80286,8086 and 8088 processors.2. Execution unit designed to execute frequently used instructions in one clock cycle.3. 32-bit integer processor for performing arithmetic and logical operations.4. Internal floating-point arithmetic unit for supporting the 32-, 64- and 80-bit formats specified inIEEE standard 754 (object-code compatible with 80387 DX and 387 SX math coprocessors).5. Internal 8 kB cache memory, which provides fast access to recently used instructions and data.6. Bus control signals for maintaining cache consistency in multiprocessor systems.7. Segmentation, a form of memory management for creating independent, protected address space.8. Paging, a form of memory management that provides access to data structures larger than theavailable memory space by keeping them partly in memory and partly on disk.9. Restartable instructions that allow a program to be restarted following an exception (necessary forsupporting demand-paged virtual memory).10. Pipelined instruction execution overlaps the interpretation of different instructions.11. Debugging registers for hardware support of instruction and data breakpoints.The 80486 is object-code compatible with three other 386 processors, namely the 386 DX processor,the 386 SX processor (16-bit data bus) and the 376 embedded processor (16-bit data bus). 80486SX isalso available in the same package with a few differences, as mentioned below:1. Pin B15 is NMI on the 80486DX and pin A15 is NMI on 80486SX.2. Pin A15 is IGNNE on 80486DX. It is not present on 80486SX.3. C14 is FERR on 80486DX and pins B15 and C14 on 80486SX are not connected.The architecture of 80486DX is almost the same as that of 80386 except that it contains a mathcoprocessor and an 8K byte level 1 cache memory. 80486SX does have the math coprocessor. Figure13.19 shows the internal architecture of 80486DX. The major difference between 80386 and 80486 isthat almost half of the instructions of 80486 execute in one clocking period instead of the two clockingperiods for the 80386 microprocessor for the same instructions.
556 Digital Electronics64-bit interunit transfer bus32-bit Data BusClockMultiplierBarrelShifterRegisterfileALUFloatingPointUnitFloatingPointRegisterFile32-bit Data BusBase/IndexBus32SegmentationUnitDescriptorRegistersLimit andAttribute PLAMicroinstructionControl andProtectionTest UnitControlROMDecodedInstructionPath32Linear Address BusPagingUnitTranslationBufferDisplacement busInstructionDecodePCO, PWT220PhysicalAddress3224CodestreamCacheUnit8k-byteCache128Prefetcher32 byteCodeQueue2x16 bytes323232BusInterfaceAddressDriversWriteBuffers (4x32)Data BusTransceiversBus ControlRequestSequencerBurst BusControlBus SizeControlCacheControlParity generationand controlBoundary scancontrolA2-A31,BE0#-BE3#D0-D31ADS#,W/R#,D/C#, M/IO#,PCD,PWT,RDY#,LOCK#,PLOCK#, BOFF#, A20M#,BREQ,HOLD, HLDA, RESET, SRESET,INTR,NMI,FERR#,IGNNE#, STPCLK#BRDY#,BLAST#BS16#-Bs8#KEN#,FLUSH#,AHOLD,EADS#PCHK#,DP0-DP3TCK, TD1,TD0, TMSFigure 13.19Internal architecture of 80486DX.13.11.4.1 80486DX instruction setThe instruction set can be divided into 11 categories including data transfer operations, arithmeticoperations, shift/rotate instructions, bit manipulation instructions, string manipulation instructions,control transfer instructions, high-level language support instructions, operating system supportinstructions, floating point processor control instructions and floating-point control instructions13.11.4.2 80486DX registersIt contains all the registers of the 80386 microprocessor and 80386 math coprocessor. The register set isdivided into the following categories: base architecture registers, general-purpose registers, instructionpointers, flag registers, segment registers, systems-level registers, control registers, system addressregisters, floating-point registers, data registers, tag word, status word, instruction and data pointersand control word and debug and test registers.13.11.4.3 80486DX operating modesThe operating mode of the 80486 processor determines which instructions and architectural featuresare accessible. The 80486 has three modes for running programs. These are as follows:1. The protected mode uses the native 32-bit instruction set of the processor. In this mode, allinstructions and architectural features are available.
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Digital ElectronicsDigital Electron
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Copyright © 2007John Wiley & Sons
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ContentsPrefacexxi1 Number Systems
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ContentsixReview Questions 67Proble
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Contentsxi6.3.8 Theorem 8 1966.3.9
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Contentsxiii9.11.3 Verilog 3399.11.
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Contentsxv12.2.5 Nonlinearity and D
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Contentsxvii13.10.3 80286 Microproc
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ContentsxixReview Questions 650Prob
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PrefaceDigital electronics is essen
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Prefacexxiiilogic analysers, freque
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Number Systems 3The value or magnit
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Number Systems 5The 1’s complemen
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Number Systems 7• The fractional
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Number Systems 9• The octal equiv
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Number Systems 11Solution• The gi
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Number Systems 13Hexadecimal system
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Number Systems 15Byte-1 Byte-2 Byte
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Number Systems 17Therefore, the exp
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2Binary CodesThe present chapter is
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Binary Codes 212.1.3 Higher-Density
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Binary Codes 23Fractional part = .7
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Binary Codes 252.3.2 Gray Code-Bina
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Binary Codes 27Solution(a) The bina
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Binary Codes 29Table 2.6(continued)
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Binary Codes 39fabDPegdc(a)afbegcDP
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Binary Codes 412.6.1 Parity CodeA p
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Binary Codes 43Table 2.9Generation
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Binary Codes 456. What is a parity
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48 Digital ElectronicsTable 3.1Bina
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50 Digital ElectronicsCase 1• Con
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52 Digital Electronics2. (AF1.B3) 1
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54 Digital ElectronicsCase 2• Let
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56 Digital ElectronicsExample 3.4Su
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58 Digital Electronics0110 1000 rep
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60 Digital ElectronicsTable 3.3Mult
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62 Digital ElectronicsTable 3.6algo
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64 Digital ElectronicsTable 3.8 Exa
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66 Digital Electronicsquotient is g
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68 Digital Electronics5. Prove that
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70 Digital ElectronicsIf the two vo
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72 Digital ElectronicsABCY=A+B+C(a)
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74 Digital ElectronicsABY=A.B(a)A00
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76 Digital ElectronicsXY=X(a)XY=XX0
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78 Digital ElectronicsAY1BCY(a)ABCD
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80 Digital ElectronicsABYABY=A+B(a)
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82 Digital ElectronicsABCDY=A.B.C.D
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84 Digital Electronics'1''1'ab c d
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86 Digital ElectronicsAY=A(a)ABY=A+
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88 Digital ElectronicsAYBEA00001111
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90 Digital ElectronicsABCD(AB+CD+EF
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92 Digital Electronics(a)(b)4V (vol
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94 Digital Electronics'1'I/PI/P(Vol
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96 Digital ElectronicsIOHIIHIIHIIH(
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98 Digital ElectronicsThe output of
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100 Digital ElectronicsE1LLHE2LHXOp
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102 Digital Electronics1A1B2A2B3A3B
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104 Digital Electronics4.13.2 AND G
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106 Digital ElectronicsFigure 4.53(
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108 Digital ElectronicsTable 4.1(co
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110 Digital Electronics(c) a three-
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114 Digital Electronics6. It is pro
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116 Digital Electronicsother and th
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118 Digital Electronics5.1.2.3 ECL
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120 Digital Electronics• LOW-leve
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122 Digital Electronics• Enable t
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124 Digital ElectronicsExample 5.2R
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126 Digital Electronics+VCC+VCCR 3I
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128 Digital Electronics4K 1301.6KVC
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130 Digital Electronicsbe in cut-of
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132 Digital ElectronicsVCC4K1.6KInp
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134 Digital Electronicslow-power TT
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136 Digital Electronics5.3.5.1 Char
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138 Digital ElectronicsVCCR 137KR 2
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140 Digital Electronicsfeatures of
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142 Digital ElectronicsFigure 5.24H
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144 Digital Electronics+VCC+VCCR1IO
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146 Digital ElectronicsFigure 5.30
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148 Digital Electronics5.4.1.2 MECL
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150 Digital ElectronicsFigure 5.33E
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152 Digital Electronicsfunctions as
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154 Digital ElectronicsVDDAQ1BQ 2Y=
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156 Digital ElectronicsVDDAQ 1BQ2Q5
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158 Digital ElectronicsFigure 5.42T
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160 Digital Electronics+VDDQ7Q8Q5Q6
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162 Digital ElectronicsFigure 5.46C
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166 Digital Electronicslogic status
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168 Digital Electronics5.5.2.4 74AC
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170 Digital Electronics+VDDA+VDDA -
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172 Digital Electronics+VDDAQ 1Q 3Q
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174 Digital Electronicsthe conducti
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176 Digital Electronics+VRQ3Q4AAQ 2
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178 Digital Electronics74S00174S002
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180 Digital Electronicsvoltage of 5
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182 Digital Electronics+5V10KI/PTTL
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184 Digital ElectronicsI/PCMOSCMOS-
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6Boolean Algebra andSimplification
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Boolean Algebra and Simplification
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234 Digital Electronics'n'InputsCom
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236 Digital Electronicsof Boolean e
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238 Digital ElectronicsC in C out11
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240 Digital ElectronicsABC inABC in
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242 Digital ElectronicsABHalfSubtra
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244 Digital ElectronicsB inABDB o(a
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246 Digital ElectronicsFigure 7.19F
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248 Digital ElectronicsTable 7.1 Re
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250 Digital ElectronicsExample 7.1F
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252 Digital ElectronicsSolutionLet
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254 Digital ElectronicsB 7 B 6 B 5
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256 Digital Electronicsotherwise ha
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260 Digital Electronics7.7 Arithmet
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264 Digital ElectronicsTable 7.2 Fu
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266 Digital ElectronicsTable 7.3Com
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268 Digital ElectronicsFurther Read
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270 Digital ElectronicsI 0I 1I 2I 3
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272 Digital ElectronicsI 0I 12-to-1
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274 Digital ElectronicsI 0I 1YI 2I
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276 Digital ElectronicsTable 8.2 Im
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278 Digital ElectronicsSolution•
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280 Digital Electronics8.1.4 Cascad
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282 Digital ElectronicsD 0 D 1 D 2
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284 Digital ElectronicsExample 8.4W
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286 Digital ElectronicsAB2-to-40123
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288 Digital ElectronicsABC2 2012345
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290 Digital Electronics0CBA12 22F3-
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292 Digital Electronics(a) Since bo
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294 Digital ElectronicsTable 8.12(c
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296 Digital ElectronicsD 0I 0I 1S 0
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298 Digital ElectronicsFurther Read
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300 Digital Electronicslogic functi
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302 Digital Electronics3. In the ca
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304 Digital ElectronicsD C B AProgr
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306 Digital Electronicsa GAL device
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308 Digital Electronicslarge memory
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310 Digital ElectronicsA B C D EHar
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312 Digital ElectronicsSolution(a)
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314 Digital ElectronicsInputs(n)(k)
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316 Digital ElectronicsABCiSCoFigur
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318 Digital ElectronicsAA 1 0B1B000
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320 Digital ElectronicsA1A0B1B0O/P-
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322 Digital ElectronicsProgrammable
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324 Digital ElectronicsCDAB00 01 11
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326 Digital ElectronicsABCDP Q R SF
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328 Digital ElectronicsFigures 9.23
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330 Digital ElectronicsInputsGlobal
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332 Digital ElectronicsDQO/P4-input
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334 Digital Electronicsthat have ev
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336 Digital ElectronicsLogic CellSR
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338 Digital ElectronicsDesign Entry
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340 Digital Electronicsbraces to de
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342 Digital ElectronicsCLK120VccI02
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344 Digital ElectronicsCLK120VccI02
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346 Digital ElectronicsARDCLKQQ4to1
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348 Digital ElectronicsCentral Swit
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350 Digital ElectronicsTable 9.6Sal
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352 Digital ElectronicsQSA1A2A3A4A5
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354 Digital Electronics3. Determine
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10Flip-Flops and Related DevicesHav
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Flip-Flops and Related Devices 359V
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Flip-Flops and Related Devices 361+
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Flip-Flops and Related Devices 363p
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Flip-Flops and Related Devices 369v
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Flip-Flops and Related Devices 371V
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Flip-Flops and Related Devices 3731
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Flip-Flops and Related Devices 375S
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Flip-Flops and Related Devices 379t
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Flip-Flops and Related Devices 383C
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Flip-Flops and Related Devices 387P
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Flip-Flops and Related Devices 389a
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Flip-Flops and Related Devices 391F
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Flip-Flops and Related Devices 3991
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Flip-Flops and Related Devices 407w
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Flip-Flops and Related Devices 409(
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11Counters and RegistersCounters an
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Counters and Registers 413ripple co
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Counters and Registers 415Table 11.
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Q 00Counters and Registers 4171JQ 0
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Counters and Registers 421'1'JPrQ A
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Counters and Registers 42311.5 Sync
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Counters and Registers 427Presettab
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Counters and Registers 429Clk(D)Q 0
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Counters and Registers 431Input AAO
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Counters and Registers 433ClockA-Ou
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Counters and Registers 435PLP3 P2 P
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Counters and Registers 437+V CCGNDU
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Counters and Registers 441The circu
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Counters and Registers 445CX (C) 1B
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Counters and Registers 447Figure 11
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Counters and Registers 449to the dr
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Figure 11.43 Logic diagram of IC 74
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Counters and Registers 45911.13 Shi
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Counters and Registers 461Clock-Inp
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Counters and Registers 4631JFClockC
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Counters and Registers 465R0(1)R0(2
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Counters and Registers 467(9)CLK C1
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Counters and Registers 4711OutputCJ
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12Data Conversion Circuits - D/Aand
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Data Conversion Circuits - D/A and
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{Data Conversion Circuits - D/A and
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(Data Conversion Circuits - D/A and
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Page 597 and 598: 580 Digital ElectronicsYet another
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Page 619 and 620: 602 Digital ElectronicsReview Quest
Page 621 and 622: 15Computer FundamentalsThis chapter
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Computer Fundamentals 607Secondary
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Computer Fundamentals 60915.3.3 Cla
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Computer Fundamentals 611CPURegiste
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Computer Fundamentals 613SelectData
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Computer Fundamentals 615DataInputI
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Computer Fundamentals 6171t RCAddre
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Computer Fundamentals 619as in the
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Computer Fundamentals 6211MUX1RAS1C
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Computer Fundamentals 623CLKCentral
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Computer Fundamentals 6251AddressIn
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Computer Fundamentals 627Row-0+V CC
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Computer Fundamentals 629erasabilit
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Computer Fundamentals 631code conve
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Computer Fundamentals 633AB 3Addres
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Computer Fundamentals 635and RAM-2
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Computer Fundamentals 637A 0 A 1 A
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Computer Fundamentals 63912 34 5678
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Computer Fundamentals 64115.8.2.1 I
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Computer Fundamentals 64315.9.1 Inp
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Computer Fundamentals 645The plasma
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Computer Fundamentals 647the disk s
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Computer Fundamentals 649The read o
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Computer Fundamentals 6512. A certa
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654 Digital ElectronicsFault detect
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656 Digital Electronics16.1.2.1 Ope
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658 Digital ElectronicsI 1456I 2121
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660 Digital ElectronicsClk-11Clk1D1
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662 Digital Electronicsthe clock si
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664 Digital ElectronicsSolution•
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666 Digital Electronics16.6.1 Advan
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670 Digital ElectronicsTriggerFigur
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672 Digital ElectronicsSignalSADC M
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674 Digital Electronics16.12.1.2 Ve
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678 Digital ElectronicsProbe BodyOs
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680 Digital ElectronicsTime BaseOsc
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682 Digital ElectronicsThe resoluti
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684 Digital ElectronicsI/PSamplerLP
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686 Digital ElectronicsReferenceOsc
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688 Digital ElectronicsFrequencyCon
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690 Digital Electronicssynthesizer
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692 Digital Electronicsto indicate
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694 Digital Electronics16.17.2.4 Cl
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696 Digital Electronicshaving a sam
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698 Digital Electronicsthe monitor
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700 Digital Electronicsetc., are th
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704 Digital Electronics(c) accuracy
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Index1’s complement 5, 610’s co
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Index 709A/D converter terminology
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Index 711Binary-to-hex conversion 1
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Index 713CoolRunner 347-8Counter ty
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Index 715Encoder 280-3EPROM 612, 62
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Index 717Hybrid computer 608Hystere
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Index 719Logic gates (Continued)NAN
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Index 721Multivibrator 357-71astabl
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Index 723Power supply decoupling 14
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Index 725Serial-in serial-out shift
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Index 727UP/DOWN counters 425-6US A
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