Principles of Plant Genetics and Breeding

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Egg 1 /2A 1 /2a 1 /4AA 1 /4Aa Pollen 1 /4Aa 1 /4aa Phenotypic ratio of 3 : 1 A– : aa (a) Egg 1 /4AB 1 /4Ab 1 /4Ab 1 /4ab 1 /2A 1 /4AB 1/16 AABB 1/16 AABb 1/16 aABB 1/16 AaBb 1 /2a 1 /4Ab 1/16 AABb 1/16 AAbb 1/16 AaBb 1/16 Aabb 3 /4A– 1 /4aa (a) 3 /4A 1 /4a (c) Pollen PLANT CELLULAR ORGANIZATION AND GENETIC STRUCTURE 41 1 /4Ab 1/16 AaBB 1/16 AaBB 1/16 aaBB 1/16 aaBb 3 /4B 3 /4B– 1 /4bb 3 /4B– 1 /4bb 1 /4b 3 /4B 1 /4b 1 /4ab 1/16 AaBb 1/16 Aabb 1/16 aaBb 1/16 aabb Phenotypic ratio of 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 A–B– : A–ab : aaB– : aabb (b) Figure 3.5 The Punnett square procedure may be used to demonstrate the events that occur during hybridization and selfing in (a) a monohybrid cross, and (b) a dihybrid cross, showing the proportions of genotypes in the F 2 population and the corresponding Mendelian phenotypic and genotypic ratios. 9/16 A–B– 3/16 A–bb 3/16 aaB– 1/16 aabb 3 /4C 1 /4c 3 /4C 1 /4c 3 /4C 1 /4c 3 /4C 1 /4c flowers because of dominance of purple over white flowers. If the F 1 plant has white flowers, it is proof that the cross was unsuccessful (i.e., the product of the “cross” is actually from selfing). Distinguishing between heterozygous and homozygous individuals In a segregating population where genotypes PP and Pp produce the same phenotype (because of dominance), it is necessary, sometimes, to know the exact genotype of a plant. There are two procedures that are commonly used to accomplish this task. Testcross Developed by Mendel, a testcross entails crossing the plant with the dominant allele but unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual (Figure 3.7). If the unknown genotype is PP, crossing it with the genotype pp will produce all Pp offspring. However, if the unknown is Pp then a testcross will produce offspring segregating 50 : 50 for Pp : pp. The testcross also 27/64 ABC 9/64 ABc 9/64 AbC 3/64 Abc Figure 3.6 The branch diagram method may also be used to predict the phenotypic and genotypic ratios in the F 2 population. (a) Two genes with dominance at both loci. (b) Two genes with dominance at one locus. (c) F 2 trihybrid phenotypic ratio. 3 /4A– 1 /4aa (b) 9/64 aBC 3/64 aBc 3/64 abC 1/64 abc 1 /4BB 1 /2Bb 1 /4bb 1 /4BB 1 /2Bb 1 /4bb 3/16 A–BB 6/16 A–Bb 3/16 A–bb 1/16 aaBB 2/16 aaBb 1/16 aabb
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Principles of Plant Genetics and Br
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Principles of Plant Genetics and Br
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Industry highlights boxes, vii Indu
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Industry highlights boxes Chapter 1
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Industry highlights box authors Acq
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Plant breeding is an art and a scie
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The author expresses sincere gratit
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Section 1 Historical perspectives a
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4 CHAPTER 1 accomplish astonishing
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6 CHAPTER 1 modifying the crop prod
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8 CHAPTER 1 Table 1.2 Selected mile
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10 CHAPTER 1 one season. Furthermor
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12 CHAPTER 1 Figure 1 Dr Norman Bor
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14 CHAPTER 1 agrochemicals. Recent
Page 60: Section 2 General biological concep
Page 64: 18 CHAPTER 2 discovered. As will be
Page 68: 20 CHAPTER 2 antiquity is establish
Page 72: 22 CHAPTER 2 cultivation in areas a
Page 76: 24 CHAPTER 2 Table 2.1 Characterist
Page 80: 26 CHAPTER 2 Table 2.2 An operation
Page 84: 28 CHAPTER 2 elite germplasm or adv
Page 88: 30 CHAPTER 2 identify the most prom
Page 92: 32 CHAPTER 2 Research Institute (SC
Page 96: 34 CHAPTER 2 Part A Please answer t
Page 100: 36 CHAPTER 3 out that when plants a
Page 104: 38 CHAPTER 3 Table 3.2 Number of ch
Page 108: 40 CHAPTER 3 AA × aa (a) A × a Aa
Page 114: Multiple genes Just as a single gen
Page 118: Chiasma A A B B A B A A Bivalents b
Page 122: Individual expresses gene of intere
Page 126: into proteins. Because genes vary i
Page 130: First base U U UUU UUC UUA UUG (exo
Page 134: Inducer removes inhibitor Gene a In
Page 138: Purpose and expected outcomes Repro
Page 142: Zygote influenced by the duration o
Page 146: tobacco). However if a flower lacks
Page 150: of all gene loci and traits of the
Page 154: Apomixis Seed production in higher
Page 158: Potential pathways for apomixis gen
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(a) (b) PLANT REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS
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Stigma Pin flower Thrum flower Figu
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True male sterility There are three
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Kiesselbach, T.A. 1999. The structu
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Purpose and expected outcomes Biolo
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3 Frequently, the scientist who fir
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Types of variation among plants As
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It should be pointed out that recom
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The Ac element has an open reading
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Short short short plants Short shor
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Purpose and expected outcomes As pr
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crossing involving parents from wit
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PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES FOR PLANT B
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(a) Hybrids with GP3 Anomalous, let
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What plant breeders can do to addre
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into wild habitats by livestock far
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ackup collections, active collectio
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elow a certain predetermined level,
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located in developing countries, wh
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and the Animal and Plant Health Ins
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Astley, D. 1987. Genetic resource c
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Purpose and expected outcomes Plant
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Aa, and 51 will be aa. Using the pr
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Disequilibrium 1 0.5 0 0 c = 0.5 Fi
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germplasm collection and maintenanc
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Differential fitness is a factor th
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individual through one parent back
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Purpose and expected outcomes Most
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Polygenes and polygenic inheritance
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of the trait of interest determines
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variation that the primary genetic
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may also be reported as a percentag
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will be advanced, and will conseque
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Frequency Frequency µ µ s Phenoty
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Selection using a restricted index
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INTRODUCTION TO QUANTITATIVE GENETI
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Explicit indices are laborious, req
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This is done for each combination a
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A B C Males (a) Conceptual Paired r
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Falconer, D.S., and T.F.C. Mackay.
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averages, to the more complex multi
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andomization. The blocks should be
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Coefficient of variation The coeffi
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By plugging values for X i , corres
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Multivariate statistics in plant br
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PC3 (15.8%) PC2 (30.72%) 0.10 0.05
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Canonical function II 0.8 0.6 0.4 0
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Discriminant function analysis Disc
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Section 5 Tools in plant breeding C
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Applications of crossing in plant b
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emasculation is not a universal req
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However, in other crosses, the F 2
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Single cross A × B AB Proportion A
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3 Creation of new alloploids. Wide
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SEXUAL HYBRIDIZATION AND WIDE CROSS
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SEXUAL HYBRIDIZATION AND WIDE CROSS
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R. C. Buckner and his colleagues su
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Purpose and expected outcomes The c
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TISSUE CULTURE AND THE BREEDING OF
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previously described. Sometimes, to
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fraction of androgenic grains devel
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Introduction Sergey Chalyk TISSUE C
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only be maintained by vegetative pr
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Sexually reproductive Apomict New c
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Purpose and expected outcomes It wa
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the same plant. However, the dual c
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1 The ends of the segment may be di
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mutagen frequency is desired, the e
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Introduction F. Laurens MUTAGENESIS
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Climatic adaptation MUTAGENESIS IN
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MUTAGENESIS IN PLANT BREEDING 211 K
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Part A Please answer the following
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Triticum monococcum (2n = 2x = 14)
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(a) (b) A B A B a b a b A B A B a b
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Table 13.4 Genetics of autoploids.
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of sterility because of the odd chr
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 1 (a) Germinated
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Figure 2 In vitro regenerated plant
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(AABBDDRR, 2n = 8x = 56), but it re
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(in alloploids) or homologous (in a
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Purpose and expected outcomes Genes
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and expression (including codon usa
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1 Efficient plant regeneration syst
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Structural defect in the gene const
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sequence analysis. It is an applica
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Analysis BIOTECHNOLOGY IN PLANT BRE
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BIOTECHNOLOGY IN PLANT BREEDING 243
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of genes of known functions. Three
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source of the gene is a wild germpl
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ands for identification may minimiz
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location, genetic effects, and the
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3 Germplasm evaluation. Markers can
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Engineering pest resistance To date
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Purpose and expected outcomes Intel
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the key functions of a patent is to
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The development of truly new and un
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Ethics in plant breeding Manipulati
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Introduction ISSUES IN THE APPLICAT
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ISSUES IN THE APPLICATION OF BIOTEC
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Overview of the regulation of the U
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Table 15.2 Some viral-coated protei
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conditions. Further, these phenotyp
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there is no inherent health risk in
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esistance concerns (or “collatera
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Damage to economic interest (market
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Section 6 Classic methods of plant
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Open-pollinated cultivars Contrary
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Common plant breeding notations Pla
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(a) Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 (b) Source
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2 Cultivars developed for a discrim
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especially where readily identifiab
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Comments 1 Growing parents, making
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Comments Generation Year 1 P 1 × P
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3 Natural selection may increase fr
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5 Every plant originates from a dif
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1 year BREEDING SELF-POLLINATED SPE
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BREEDING SELF-POLLINATED SPECIES 30
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Year 1 Year 2 F 1 Year 3 Year 4 Yea
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2 Extensive advanced testing is not
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Applications One of the earliest ap
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species (maize) and has been a majo
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Purpose and expected outcomes As pr
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epistatic interactions enhance the
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Season 1 Source population C 0 Seas
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Procedure: cycle 1 This is the same
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Advantages and disadvantages The ma
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(a) (b) Figure 1 Examples of (a) Po
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Figure 3 Range of seed development
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Applications The scheme has been us
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stems from several biological facto
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Factors affecting the performance o
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7 Give a specific disadvantage of m
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Other notable advances in the breed
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BREEDING HYBRID CULTIVARS 337 ducin
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BREEDING HYBRID CULTIVARS 339 for c
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of interest. As Falconer indicated,
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patterns derived from the same open
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(a) (b) Seed parent (male-sterile)
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Table 18.1 Calculating heat units a
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such as sugarcane (most commercial
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Section 7 Selected breeding objecti
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water utilization, photoperiod, har
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expense of the rest of the plant. N
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usually results from one component
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Figure 3 Field trials demonstrating
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References Concept of yield plateau
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Shatter-sensitive cultivars are sus
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Nature, types, and economic importa
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Purpose and expected outcomes Plant
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elative to a benchmark. A genotype
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Types of genetic resistance The com
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General considerations for breeding
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for most middling resistance. It sh
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pathogen to give resistance), was c
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BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE TO DISEASES
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BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE TO DISEASES
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5 The plant or cell overproduces th
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Purpose and expected outcomes Clima
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ultimately its productivity and eco
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Breeding for drought resistance Dro
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drought. Consequently, phenotypic s
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BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE TO ABIOTIC
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More N partitioned to leaves before
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interruption in normal germination,
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Table 21.1 Relative salt tolerance
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toxicities of economic importance t
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Acevedo, E., and E. Fereres. 1993.
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Table 22.1 Essential amino acids th
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BREEDING COMPOSITIONAL TRAITS AND A
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Figure 1 Farmer (left) and research
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the presence of β-carotene, but no
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and cell walls are degraded. There
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milling, extraction of oil, starch
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Section 8 Cultivar release and comm
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in two stages. The first stage, cal
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genotype is reduced. This raises th
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Different models of ANOVA are used
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Table 23.2 Stability analysis. PERF
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PERFORMANCE EVALUATION FOR CROP CUL
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esources available (land, seed, lab
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Advantages 1 It is the simplest of
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Mapping populations have additional
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Purpose and expected outcomes The u
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Funk Columbiana Farm Seed Germain
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Joe W. Burton SEED CERTIFICATION AN
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Registered seed Registered seed is
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Canada’s Plant Breeders’ Rights
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Seed certification process There ar
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Table 24.1 Information on a seed ta
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Boswell, V.R. 1961. The importance
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property is a major one in plant br
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important issues to be considered i
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Soybean Soybean research is conduct
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INTERNATIONAL PLANT BREEDING EFFORT
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Selected accomplishments The impact
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national entities. More importantly
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Cicarelli contest that most farmers
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EMERGING CONCEPTS IN PLANT BREEDING
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EMERGING CONCEPTS IN PLANT BREEDING
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Principles of organic plant breedin
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Part II Breeding selected crops Cha
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Adaptation Wheat is best adapted to
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are less successful, being of poor
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Introduction BREEDING WHEAT 477 Ind
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Host plant resistance to disease an
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Greenhouse nursery Breeders may use
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when the production area is isolate
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Taxonomy Kingdom Plantae Subkingdom
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encloses the soft starch at the cen
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Designated ms 1 , ms 2 ,...ms n , o
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F. J. Betrán Texas A&M University,
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Development of hybrids BREEDING COR
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chambers may be used for experiment
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orer. A chemical found in corn with
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A British sea captain brought rice
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while awnless is conditioned by an
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Figure 1 Rice panicle being prepare
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Figure 5 A foundation seed field of
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emoved with forceps, the cut may be
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green midrib because of the presenc
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BREEDING SORGHUM 513 Kansas State U
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Summer Year 5 Summer Year 7 Summer
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covered with the bag. Pollination s
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and brown being dominant over gray.
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BREEDING SOYBEAN 523 easily selecte
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BREEDING SOYBEAN 525 An advantage o
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Common breeding objectives 1 Grain
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Program objectives Charles Simpson
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BREEDING PEANUT 533 lines in hopes
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for emasculation, which is done in
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Evolution of the modern potato crop
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BREEDING POTATO 541 Table 1 The Sco
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(berries) called potato balls. The
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6 Potato tuber quality improvement.
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grown in America, Africa, Asia, and
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Introduction Don L. Keim BREEDING C
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BREEDING COTTON 551 are grown in tr
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economically important traits has b
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Part B Please answer the following
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Central dogma: The underlying model
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Mitosis: The process of nuclear div
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Chapter 1 http://www.foodfirst.org/
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Imperial unit Metric conversion Vol
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complex inheritance, 42 composite c
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minor gene resistance, 371 minor ge
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technology protection system (TPS),
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