Principles of Plant Genetics and Breeding

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230 CHAPTER 13 Part A Please answer the following questions true or false: Outcomes assessment 1 A genomic formula of 2n − 1 refers to a trisomic. 2 The regular set of chromosomes of a species is called A-chromosomes. 3 An individual in which the euploid complement of chromosomes is increased by one complete set of chromosomes is called a secondary trisomic. 4 The triangle of U describes genomic relationships among naturally occurring species of wheat. 5 Triticale is a euploid. 6 Colchicine is used for reducing the number of chromosomes in a cell. 7 Aneuploids have a duplicate of the entire chromosome set. 8 The genotype AAAA represents a duplex tetraploid. 9 The genotype AADDEE represents an alloploid. 10 A hexaploid consists of six genomes. Part B Please answer the following questions: 1 Describe the triangle of U. 2 Distinguish between homologous and homeologous chromosomes. 3 Distinguish between a primary trisomic and a secondary trisomic. 4 Discuss a common mechanism of aneuploidy. 5 Distinguish between an aneuploid and euploid. 6 ……………………………. is polyploidy with chromosomes from different genomes. 7 Write the genetic formula for a triplex genotype: ……………………………. 8 What is a segmental alloploid? Part C Please write a short essay on each of the following topics: 1 Discuss the effect of polyploidy on plants. 2 Discuss, with an example, a polyploidy series. 3 Discuss the artificial induction of polyploids. 4 Discuss the importance of doubled haploids to plant breeding.
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Principles of Plant Genetics and Br
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Principles of Plant Genetics and Br
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Industry highlights boxes, vii Indu
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Industry highlights boxes Chapter 1
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Industry highlights box authors Acq
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Plant breeding is an art and a scie
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The author expresses sincere gratit
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Section 1 Historical perspectives a
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4 CHAPTER 1 accomplish astonishing
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6 CHAPTER 1 modifying the crop prod
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8 CHAPTER 1 Table 1.2 Selected mile
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10 CHAPTER 1 one season. Furthermor
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12 CHAPTER 1 Figure 1 Dr Norman Bor
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14 CHAPTER 1 agrochemicals. Recent
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Section 2 General biological concep
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18 CHAPTER 2 discovered. As will be
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20 CHAPTER 2 antiquity is establish
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22 CHAPTER 2 cultivation in areas a
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24 CHAPTER 2 Table 2.1 Characterist
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26 CHAPTER 2 Table 2.2 An operation
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28 CHAPTER 2 elite germplasm or adv
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30 CHAPTER 2 identify the most prom
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32 CHAPTER 2 Research Institute (SC
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34 CHAPTER 2 Part A Please answer t
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36 CHAPTER 3 out that when plants a
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38 CHAPTER 3 Table 3.2 Number of ch
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40 CHAPTER 3 AA × aa (a) A × a Aa
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42 CHAPTER 3 (a) PP × pp Pp 100% (
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44 CHAPTER 3 AB Ab aB ab (a) Parent
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46 CHAPTER 3 lifeblood of plant bre
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48 CHAPTER 3 -A=T- 5′ 3′ 5′ 5
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50 CHAPTER 3 Expression of genetic
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52 CHAPTER 3 Enhancer region subuni
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54 CHAPTER 3 Part A Please answer t
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56 CHAPTER 4 may be capable of self
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58 CHAPTER 4 Death Seed Reproductiv
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60 CHAPTER 4 Table 4.1 Pollination
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62 CHAPTER 4 homozygous and therefo
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64 CHAPTER 4 price of hybrid seed.
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66 CHAPTER 4 (a) (b) Figure 1 (a) A
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68 CHAPTER 4 only the desired polle
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70 CHAPTER 4 used to make a self-in
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72 CHAPTER 4 Male-fertile RfRf or R
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Section 3 Germplasm issues Chapter
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76 CHAPTER 5 Kingdom Division Class
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78 CHAPTER 5 may be classified into
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80 CHAPTER 5 plant breeding. As pre
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82 CHAPTER 5 both DNA strands; and
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84 CHAPTER 5 100% 50% (a) 100% 50%
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86 CHAPTER 5 Part B Please answer t
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88 CHAPTER 6 programs is the steady
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90 CHAPTER 6 What is genetic vulner
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92 CHAPTER 6 Table 1 Conservation m
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94 CHAPTER 6 Table 3 Varieties regi
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96 CHAPTER 6 linkage maps and a new
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98 CHAPTER 6 Approaches to germplas
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100 CHAPTER 6 resources. Curators o
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102 CHAPTER 6 difficult for users t
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104 CHAPTER 6 and Agricultural Orga
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106 CHAPTER 6 Table 6.2 Germplasm h
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Section 4 Genetic analysis in plant
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110 CHAPTER 7 underlying genetic co
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112 CHAPTER 7 of genes as 1 : n : n
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114 CHAPTER 7 may be toxic in addit
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116 CHAPTER 7 any male gamete of th
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118 CHAPTER 7 B C D E A B C E A I I
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120 CHAPTER 7 heterozygous plants g
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122 CHAPTER 8 2 Absence of linkage.
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124 CHAPTER 8 Table 8.2 As the numb
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126 CHAPTER 8 pollen from a random
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128 CHAPTER 8 environmental varianc
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130 CHAPTER 8 This estimate is fair
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132 CHAPTER 8 in a decline in both
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134 CHAPTER 8 Tandem selection In t
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136 CHAPTER 8 day. This process was
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138 CHAPTER 8 Frequency (%) 40 30 2
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140 CHAPTER 8 ability, the procedur
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142 CHAPTER 8 family are evaluated,
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144 CHAPTER 8 A × B A F2 B F2 A F2
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Purpose and expected outcomes Stati
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148 CHAPTER 9 Concept of statistica
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150 CHAPTER 9 Using data in Table 9
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152 CHAPTER 9 Covariance =−2.45 C
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154 CHAPTER 9 were drawn follow the
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156 CHAPTER 9 Table 1 Summary of th
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158 CHAPTER 9 PC2 1.2 0.8 0.4 0.0 -
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160 CHAPTER 9 Label CASE 0 5 10 15
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162 CHAPTER 9 Part A Please answer
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Purpose and expected outcomes One o
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166 CHAPTER 10 developed. This is e
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168 CHAPTER 10 Application of polle
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170 CHAPTER 10 genes are so tightly
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172 CHAPTER 10 The purpose of these
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174 CHAPTER 10 Richard Novy Industr
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176 CHAPTER 10 Tubers of BC 2 gener
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178 CHAPTER 10 promote rapid pollen
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180 CHAPTER 10 3 Give three specifi
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182 CHAPTER 11 Overview of the tiss
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184 CHAPTER 11 organogenesis occurs
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186 CHAPTER 11 Products of somatic
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188 CHAPTER 11 Procedure using natu
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190 CHAPTER 11 Generation of haploi
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192 CHAPTER 11 Table 1 Estimated ga
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194 CHAPTER 11 the natural reproduc
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196 CHAPTER 11 clones with other su
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198 CHAPTER 11 Part A Please answer
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200 CHAPTER 12 genetic alteration (
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202 CHAPTER 12 G C (a) G Bu G C Fig
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Page 456: Purpose and expected outcomes Hybri
Page 460: 216 CHAPTER 13 Table 13.3 Naming of
Page 464: 218 CHAPTER 13 1 2 3 (a) (b) Figure
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Page 472: 222 CHAPTER 13 the chromosomes of o
Page 476: 224 CHAPTER 13 Microcloning of tall
Page 480: 226 CHAPTER 13 Bread wheat (Triticu
Page 484: 228 CHAPTER 13 1st meiotic division
Page 490: Purpose and expected outcomes Genes
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Page 498: 1 Efficient plant regeneration syst
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Page 510: Analysis BIOTECHNOLOGY IN PLANT BRE
Page 514: BIOTECHNOLOGY IN PLANT BREEDING 243
Page 518: of genes of known functions. Three
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Page 534: 3 Germplasm evaluation. Markers can
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Engineering pest resistance To date
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Purpose and expected outcomes Intel
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the key functions of a patent is to
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The development of truly new and un
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Ethics in plant breeding Manipulati
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Introduction ISSUES IN THE APPLICAT
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ISSUES IN THE APPLICATION OF BIOTEC
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Overview of the regulation of the U
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Table 15.2 Some viral-coated protei
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conditions. Further, these phenotyp
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there is no inherent health risk in
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esistance concerns (or “collatera
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Damage to economic interest (market
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Section 6 Classic methods of plant
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Open-pollinated cultivars Contrary
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Common plant breeding notations Pla
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(a) Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 (b) Source
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2 Cultivars developed for a discrim
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especially where readily identifiab
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Comments 1 Growing parents, making
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Comments Generation Year 1 P 1 × P
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3 Natural selection may increase fr
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5 Every plant originates from a dif
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1 year BREEDING SELF-POLLINATED SPE
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BREEDING SELF-POLLINATED SPECIES 30
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Year 1 Year 2 F 1 Year 3 Year 4 Yea
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2 Extensive advanced testing is not
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Applications One of the earliest ap
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species (maize) and has been a majo
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Purpose and expected outcomes As pr
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epistatic interactions enhance the
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Season 1 Source population C 0 Seas
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Procedure: cycle 1 This is the same
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Advantages and disadvantages The ma
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(a) (b) Figure 1 Examples of (a) Po
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Figure 3 Range of seed development
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Applications The scheme has been us
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stems from several biological facto
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Factors affecting the performance o
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7 Give a specific disadvantage of m
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Other notable advances in the breed
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BREEDING HYBRID CULTIVARS 337 ducin
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BREEDING HYBRID CULTIVARS 339 for c
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of interest. As Falconer indicated,
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patterns derived from the same open
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(a) (b) Seed parent (male-sterile)
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Table 18.1 Calculating heat units a
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such as sugarcane (most commercial
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Section 7 Selected breeding objecti
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water utilization, photoperiod, har
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expense of the rest of the plant. N
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usually results from one component
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Figure 3 Field trials demonstrating
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References Concept of yield plateau
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Shatter-sensitive cultivars are sus
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Nature, types, and economic importa
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Purpose and expected outcomes Plant
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elative to a benchmark. A genotype
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Types of genetic resistance The com
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General considerations for breeding
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for most middling resistance. It sh
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pathogen to give resistance), was c
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BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE TO DISEASES
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BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE TO DISEASES
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5 The plant or cell overproduces th
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Purpose and expected outcomes Clima
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ultimately its productivity and eco
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Breeding for drought resistance Dro
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drought. Consequently, phenotypic s
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BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE TO ABIOTIC
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More N partitioned to leaves before
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interruption in normal germination,
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Table 21.1 Relative salt tolerance
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toxicities of economic importance t
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Acevedo, E., and E. Fereres. 1993.
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Table 22.1 Essential amino acids th
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BREEDING COMPOSITIONAL TRAITS AND A
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Figure 1 Farmer (left) and research
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the presence of β-carotene, but no
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and cell walls are degraded. There
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milling, extraction of oil, starch
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Section 8 Cultivar release and comm
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in two stages. The first stage, cal
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genotype is reduced. This raises th
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Different models of ANOVA are used
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Table 23.2 Stability analysis. PERF
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PERFORMANCE EVALUATION FOR CROP CUL
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esources available (land, seed, lab
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Advantages 1 It is the simplest of
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Mapping populations have additional
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Purpose and expected outcomes The u
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Funk Columbiana Farm Seed Germain
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Joe W. Burton SEED CERTIFICATION AN
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Registered seed Registered seed is
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Canada’s Plant Breeders’ Rights
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Seed certification process There ar
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Table 24.1 Information on a seed ta
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Boswell, V.R. 1961. The importance
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property is a major one in plant br
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important issues to be considered i
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Soybean Soybean research is conduct
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INTERNATIONAL PLANT BREEDING EFFORT
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Selected accomplishments The impact
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national entities. More importantly
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Cicarelli contest that most farmers
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EMERGING CONCEPTS IN PLANT BREEDING
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EMERGING CONCEPTS IN PLANT BREEDING
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Principles of organic plant breedin
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Part II Breeding selected crops Cha
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Adaptation Wheat is best adapted to
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are less successful, being of poor
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Introduction BREEDING WHEAT 477 Ind
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Host plant resistance to disease an
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Greenhouse nursery Breeders may use
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when the production area is isolate
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Taxonomy Kingdom Plantae Subkingdom
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encloses the soft starch at the cen
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Designated ms 1 , ms 2 ,...ms n , o
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F. J. Betrán Texas A&M University,
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Development of hybrids BREEDING COR
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chambers may be used for experiment
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orer. A chemical found in corn with
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A British sea captain brought rice
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while awnless is conditioned by an
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Figure 1 Rice panicle being prepare
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Figure 5 A foundation seed field of
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emoved with forceps, the cut may be
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green midrib because of the presenc
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BREEDING SORGHUM 513 Kansas State U
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Summer Year 5 Summer Year 7 Summer
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covered with the bag. Pollination s
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and brown being dominant over gray.
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BREEDING SOYBEAN 523 easily selecte
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BREEDING SOYBEAN 525 An advantage o
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Common breeding objectives 1 Grain
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Program objectives Charles Simpson
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BREEDING PEANUT 533 lines in hopes
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for emasculation, which is done in
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Evolution of the modern potato crop
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BREEDING POTATO 541 Table 1 The Sco
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(berries) called potato balls. The
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6 Potato tuber quality improvement.
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grown in America, Africa, Asia, and
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Introduction Don L. Keim BREEDING C
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BREEDING COTTON 551 are grown in tr
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economically important traits has b
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Part B Please answer the following
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Central dogma: The underlying model
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Mitosis: The process of nuclear div
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Chapter 1 http://www.foodfirst.org/
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Imperial unit Metric conversion Vol
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complex inheritance, 42 composite c
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minor gene resistance, 371 minor ge
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technology protection system (TPS),
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Principles of Plant Genetics and Breeding

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