Principles of Plant Genetics and Breeding

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86 CHAPTER 5 Part B Please answer the following questions: 1 Define plant taxonomy. Why is it important to plant breeding? 2 ………………………….. is the international body responsible for coordinating plant taxonomy. 3 Phenotype = ……………………… + environment. 4 What are transposable elements? Part C Please write a brief essay on each of the following topics: 1 Discuss genetic recombination as a source of variability for plant breeding. 2 Discuss the nature of qualitative variation. 3 Discuss the role of environmental variation in plant breeding. 4 Describe the role of biotechnology for creating variability for plant breeding.
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Principles of Plant Genetics and Br
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Principles of Plant Genetics and Br
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Industry highlights boxes, vii Indu
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Industry highlights boxes Chapter 1
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Industry highlights box authors Acq
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Plant breeding is an art and a scie
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The author expresses sincere gratit
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Section 1 Historical perspectives a
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4 CHAPTER 1 accomplish astonishing
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6 CHAPTER 1 modifying the crop prod
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8 CHAPTER 1 Table 1.2 Selected mile
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10 CHAPTER 1 one season. Furthermor
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12 CHAPTER 1 Figure 1 Dr Norman Bor
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14 CHAPTER 1 agrochemicals. Recent
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Section 2 General biological concep
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18 CHAPTER 2 discovered. As will be
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20 CHAPTER 2 antiquity is establish
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22 CHAPTER 2 cultivation in areas a
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24 CHAPTER 2 Table 2.1 Characterist
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26 CHAPTER 2 Table 2.2 An operation
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28 CHAPTER 2 elite germplasm or adv
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30 CHAPTER 2 identify the most prom
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32 CHAPTER 2 Research Institute (SC
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34 CHAPTER 2 Part A Please answer t
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36 CHAPTER 3 out that when plants a
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38 CHAPTER 3 Table 3.2 Number of ch
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40 CHAPTER 3 AA × aa (a) A × a Aa
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42 CHAPTER 3 (a) PP × pp Pp 100% (
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44 CHAPTER 3 AB Ab aB ab (a) Parent
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46 CHAPTER 3 lifeblood of plant bre
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48 CHAPTER 3 -A=T- 5′ 3′ 5′ 5
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50 CHAPTER 3 Expression of genetic
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52 CHAPTER 3 Enhancer region subuni
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54 CHAPTER 3 Part A Please answer t
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56 CHAPTER 4 may be capable of self
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58 CHAPTER 4 Death Seed Reproductiv
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Page 160: 66 CHAPTER 4 (a) (b) Figure 1 (a) A
Page 164: 68 CHAPTER 4 only the desired polle
Page 168: 70 CHAPTER 4 used to make a self-in
Page 172: 72 CHAPTER 4 Male-fertile RfRf or R
Page 176: Section 3 Germplasm issues Chapter
Page 180: 76 CHAPTER 5 Kingdom Division Class
Page 184: 78 CHAPTER 5 may be classified into
Page 188: 80 CHAPTER 5 plant breeding. As pre
Page 192: 82 CHAPTER 5 both DNA strands; and
Page 196: 84 CHAPTER 5 100% 50% (a) 100% 50%
Page 202: Purpose and expected outcomes As pr
Page 206: crossing involving parents from wit
Page 210: PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES FOR PLANT B
Page 214: (a) Hybrids with GP3 Anomalous, let
Page 218: What plant breeders can do to addre
Page 222: into wild habitats by livestock far
Page 226: ackup collections, active collectio
Page 230: elow a certain predetermined level,
Page 234: located in developing countries, wh
Page 238: and the Animal and Plant Health Ins
Page 242: Astley, D. 1987. Genetic resource c
Page 246: Purpose and expected outcomes Plant
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Aa, and 51 will be aa. Using the pr
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Disequilibrium 1 0.5 0 0 c = 0.5 Fi
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germplasm collection and maintenanc
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Differential fitness is a factor th
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individual through one parent back
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Purpose and expected outcomes Most
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Polygenes and polygenic inheritance
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of the trait of interest determines
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variation that the primary genetic
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may also be reported as a percentag
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will be advanced, and will conseque
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Frequency Frequency µ µ s Phenoty
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Selection using a restricted index
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INTRODUCTION TO QUANTITATIVE GENETI
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Explicit indices are laborious, req
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This is done for each combination a
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A B C Males (a) Conceptual Paired r
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Falconer, D.S., and T.F.C. Mackay.
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averages, to the more complex multi
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andomization. The blocks should be
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Coefficient of variation The coeffi
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By plugging values for X i , corres
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Multivariate statistics in plant br
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PC3 (15.8%) PC2 (30.72%) 0.10 0.05
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Canonical function II 0.8 0.6 0.4 0
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Discriminant function analysis Disc
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Section 5 Tools in plant breeding C
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Applications of crossing in plant b
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emasculation is not a universal req
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However, in other crosses, the F 2
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Single cross A × B AB Proportion A
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3 Creation of new alloploids. Wide
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SEXUAL HYBRIDIZATION AND WIDE CROSS
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SEXUAL HYBRIDIZATION AND WIDE CROSS
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R. C. Buckner and his colleagues su
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Purpose and expected outcomes The c
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TISSUE CULTURE AND THE BREEDING OF
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previously described. Sometimes, to
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fraction of androgenic grains devel
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Introduction Sergey Chalyk TISSUE C
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only be maintained by vegetative pr
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Sexually reproductive Apomict New c
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Purpose and expected outcomes It wa
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the same plant. However, the dual c
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1 The ends of the segment may be di
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mutagen frequency is desired, the e
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Introduction F. Laurens MUTAGENESIS
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Climatic adaptation MUTAGENESIS IN
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MUTAGENESIS IN PLANT BREEDING 211 K
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Part A Please answer the following
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Triticum monococcum (2n = 2x = 14)
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(a) (b) A B A B a b a b A B A B a b
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Table 13.4 Genetics of autoploids.
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of sterility because of the odd chr
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 1 (a) Germinated
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Figure 2 In vitro regenerated plant
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(AABBDDRR, 2n = 8x = 56), but it re
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(in alloploids) or homologous (in a
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Purpose and expected outcomes Genes
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and expression (including codon usa
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1 Efficient plant regeneration syst
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Structural defect in the gene const
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sequence analysis. It is an applica
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Analysis BIOTECHNOLOGY IN PLANT BRE
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BIOTECHNOLOGY IN PLANT BREEDING 243
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of genes of known functions. Three
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source of the gene is a wild germpl
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ands for identification may minimiz
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location, genetic effects, and the
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3 Germplasm evaluation. Markers can
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Engineering pest resistance To date
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Purpose and expected outcomes Intel
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the key functions of a patent is to
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The development of truly new and un
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Ethics in plant breeding Manipulati
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Introduction ISSUES IN THE APPLICAT
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ISSUES IN THE APPLICATION OF BIOTEC
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Overview of the regulation of the U
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Table 15.2 Some viral-coated protei
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conditions. Further, these phenotyp
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there is no inherent health risk in
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esistance concerns (or “collatera
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Damage to economic interest (market
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Section 6 Classic methods of plant
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Open-pollinated cultivars Contrary
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Common plant breeding notations Pla
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(a) Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 (b) Source
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2 Cultivars developed for a discrim
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especially where readily identifiab
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Comments 1 Growing parents, making
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Comments Generation Year 1 P 1 × P
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3 Natural selection may increase fr
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5 Every plant originates from a dif
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1 year BREEDING SELF-POLLINATED SPE
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BREEDING SELF-POLLINATED SPECIES 30
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Year 1 Year 2 F 1 Year 3 Year 4 Yea
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2 Extensive advanced testing is not
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Applications One of the earliest ap
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species (maize) and has been a majo
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Purpose and expected outcomes As pr
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epistatic interactions enhance the
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Season 1 Source population C 0 Seas
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Procedure: cycle 1 This is the same
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Advantages and disadvantages The ma
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(a) (b) Figure 1 Examples of (a) Po
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Figure 3 Range of seed development
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Applications The scheme has been us
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stems from several biological facto
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Factors affecting the performance o
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7 Give a specific disadvantage of m
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Other notable advances in the breed
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BREEDING HYBRID CULTIVARS 337 ducin
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BREEDING HYBRID CULTIVARS 339 for c
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of interest. As Falconer indicated,
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patterns derived from the same open
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(a) (b) Seed parent (male-sterile)
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Table 18.1 Calculating heat units a
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such as sugarcane (most commercial
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Section 7 Selected breeding objecti
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water utilization, photoperiod, har
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expense of the rest of the plant. N
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usually results from one component
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Figure 3 Field trials demonstrating
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References Concept of yield plateau
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Shatter-sensitive cultivars are sus
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Nature, types, and economic importa
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Purpose and expected outcomes Plant
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elative to a benchmark. A genotype
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Types of genetic resistance The com
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General considerations for breeding
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for most middling resistance. It sh
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pathogen to give resistance), was c
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BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE TO DISEASES
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BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE TO DISEASES
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5 The plant or cell overproduces th
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Purpose and expected outcomes Clima
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ultimately its productivity and eco
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Breeding for drought resistance Dro
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drought. Consequently, phenotypic s
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BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE TO ABIOTIC
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More N partitioned to leaves before
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interruption in normal germination,
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Table 21.1 Relative salt tolerance
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toxicities of economic importance t
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Acevedo, E., and E. Fereres. 1993.
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Table 22.1 Essential amino acids th
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BREEDING COMPOSITIONAL TRAITS AND A
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Figure 1 Farmer (left) and research
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the presence of β-carotene, but no
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and cell walls are degraded. There
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milling, extraction of oil, starch
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Section 8 Cultivar release and comm
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in two stages. The first stage, cal
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genotype is reduced. This raises th
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Different models of ANOVA are used
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Table 23.2 Stability analysis. PERF
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PERFORMANCE EVALUATION FOR CROP CUL
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esources available (land, seed, lab
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Advantages 1 It is the simplest of
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Mapping populations have additional
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Purpose and expected outcomes The u
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Funk Columbiana Farm Seed Germain
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Joe W. Burton SEED CERTIFICATION AN
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Registered seed Registered seed is
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Canada’s Plant Breeders’ Rights
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Seed certification process There ar
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Table 24.1 Information on a seed ta
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Boswell, V.R. 1961. The importance
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property is a major one in plant br
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important issues to be considered i
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Soybean Soybean research is conduct
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INTERNATIONAL PLANT BREEDING EFFORT
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Selected accomplishments The impact
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national entities. More importantly
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Cicarelli contest that most farmers
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EMERGING CONCEPTS IN PLANT BREEDING
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EMERGING CONCEPTS IN PLANT BREEDING
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Principles of organic plant breedin
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Part II Breeding selected crops Cha
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Adaptation Wheat is best adapted to
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are less successful, being of poor
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Introduction BREEDING WHEAT 477 Ind
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Host plant resistance to disease an
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Greenhouse nursery Breeders may use
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when the production area is isolate
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Taxonomy Kingdom Plantae Subkingdom
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encloses the soft starch at the cen
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Designated ms 1 , ms 2 ,...ms n , o
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F. J. Betrán Texas A&M University,
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Development of hybrids BREEDING COR
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chambers may be used for experiment
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orer. A chemical found in corn with
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A British sea captain brought rice
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while awnless is conditioned by an
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Figure 1 Rice panicle being prepare
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Figure 5 A foundation seed field of
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emoved with forceps, the cut may be
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green midrib because of the presenc
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BREEDING SORGHUM 513 Kansas State U
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Summer Year 5 Summer Year 7 Summer
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covered with the bag. Pollination s
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and brown being dominant over gray.
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BREEDING SOYBEAN 523 easily selecte
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BREEDING SOYBEAN 525 An advantage o
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Common breeding objectives 1 Grain
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Program objectives Charles Simpson
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BREEDING PEANUT 533 lines in hopes
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for emasculation, which is done in
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Evolution of the modern potato crop
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BREEDING POTATO 541 Table 1 The Sco
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(berries) called potato balls. The
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6 Potato tuber quality improvement.
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grown in America, Africa, Asia, and
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Introduction Don L. Keim BREEDING C
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BREEDING COTTON 551 are grown in tr
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economically important traits has b
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Part B Please answer the following
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Central dogma: The underlying model
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Mitosis: The process of nuclear div
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Chapter 1 http://www.foodfirst.org/
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Imperial unit Metric conversion Vol
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complex inheritance, 42 composite c
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minor gene resistance, 371 minor ge
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technology protection system (TPS),
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Principles of Plant Genetics and Breeding

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