Principles of Plant Genetics and Breeding

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First base U U UUU UUC UUA UUG (exons) to produce the mRNA, which is typically about 25% of the original length of the pre-mRNA. After removing the introns, the splicing or linking of the pieces results in different types of mRNA (called alternative splicing). Consequently, different kinds of proteins may be encoded by the same gene (Figure 3.18). The mRNA is transported to the ribosomes. Translation: protein synthesis Protein synthesis consists of three steps – initiation, elongation, and termination. Translation starts with the formation of an initiation complex that includes initiation factors that bind to the small rRNA subunit and then to the mRNA. The next step is to set the reading frame for accurate translation. The AUG triplet is usually the initiation point. The large subunit binds to the complex. The sequence of the next triplet determines which charged tRNA (with an amino acid attached) will be attached. The process is repeated until the whole mRNA is translated, adjacent amino acids being linked by peptide bonds. The termination of translation occurs when the elongation process encounters a stop codon or termination codon. The interval between the start and stop codons that encodes an amino acid for inser- PLANT CELLULAR ORGANIZATION AND GENETIC STRUCTURE 51 Phe Phe Leu Leu C UCU UCC UCA UCG C CUU Leu CCU CUC Leu CCC CUA Leu CCA CUG Leu CCG A AUU IIe ACU AUC IIe ACC AUA IIe ACA AUG Met ACG G GUU Val GCU GUC Val GCC GUA Val GCA GUG Val GCG Second base Ser Ser Ser Ser Pro Pro Pro Pro Thr Thr Thr Thr Ala Ala Ala Ala A G UAU UAC [UAA] [UAG] Figure 3.17 The genetic code may be likened to a coding dictionary for constructing polypeptide chains. The triplets UAG, UAA, and UGA are termination signals and do not code for amino acids. Of the remaining codes, all amino acids are encoded by at least two codes (up to six in some), except for tryptophan. CAU CAC CAA CAG AAU AAC AAA AAG GAU GAC GAA GAG Tyr Tyr stop stop His His Gin Gin Asn Asn Lys Lys Asp Asp Glu Glu mRNA-A a UGU UGC [UGA] UGG CGU CGC CGA CGG AGU AGC AGA AGG GGU GGC GGA GGG ac ab Cys Cys stop Trp Arg Arg Arg Arg Ser Ser Arg Arg Gly Gly Gly Gly mRNA-B b Third base abc mRNA-C Figure 3.18 Alternative splicing of the mRNA in eukaryotes to remove introns and joining exons results in the production of different mature mRNAs and consequently different protein products. U C A G U C A G U C A G U C A G tion into a polypeptide chain is called the open reading frame (ORF). Each gene codes for one polypeptide. Some proteins comprise more than one polypeptide (have multiple bc c DNA Primary mRNA Possible kinds of mRNA Possible kinds of proteins
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Principles of Plant Genetics and Br
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Principles of Plant Genetics and Br
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Industry highlights boxes, vii Indu
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Industry highlights boxes Chapter 1
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Industry highlights box authors Acq
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Plant breeding is an art and a scie
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The author expresses sincere gratit
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Section 1 Historical perspectives a
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4 CHAPTER 1 accomplish astonishing
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6 CHAPTER 1 modifying the crop prod
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8 CHAPTER 1 Table 1.2 Selected mile
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10 CHAPTER 1 one season. Furthermor
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12 CHAPTER 1 Figure 1 Dr Norman Bor
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14 CHAPTER 1 agrochemicals. Recent
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Section 2 General biological concep
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18 CHAPTER 2 discovered. As will be
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20 CHAPTER 2 antiquity is establish
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22 CHAPTER 2 cultivation in areas a
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24 CHAPTER 2 Table 2.1 Characterist
Page 80: 26 CHAPTER 2 Table 2.2 An operation
Page 84: 28 CHAPTER 2 elite germplasm or adv
Page 88: 30 CHAPTER 2 identify the most prom
Page 92: 32 CHAPTER 2 Research Institute (SC
Page 96: 34 CHAPTER 2 Part A Please answer t
Page 100: 36 CHAPTER 3 out that when plants a
Page 104: 38 CHAPTER 3 Table 3.2 Number of ch
Page 108: 40 CHAPTER 3 AA × aa (a) A × a Aa
Page 112: 42 CHAPTER 3 (a) PP × pp Pp 100% (
Page 116: 44 CHAPTER 3 AB Ab aB ab (a) Parent
Page 120: 46 CHAPTER 3 lifeblood of plant bre
Page 124: 48 CHAPTER 3 -A=T- 5′ 3′ 5′ 5
Page 128: 50 CHAPTER 3 Expression of genetic
Page 134: Inducer removes inhibitor Gene a In
Page 138: Purpose and expected outcomes Repro
Page 142: Zygote influenced by the duration o
Page 146: tobacco). However if a flower lacks
Page 150: of all gene loci and traits of the
Page 154: Apomixis Seed production in higher
Page 158: Potential pathways for apomixis gen
Page 162: (a) (b) PLANT REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS
Page 166: Stigma Pin flower Thrum flower Figu
Page 170: True male sterility There are three
Page 174: Kiesselbach, T.A. 1999. The structu
Page 178: Purpose and expected outcomes Biolo
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3 Frequently, the scientist who fir
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Types of variation among plants As
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It should be pointed out that recom
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The Ac element has an open reading
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Short short short plants Short shor
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Purpose and expected outcomes As pr
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crossing involving parents from wit
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PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES FOR PLANT B
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(a) Hybrids with GP3 Anomalous, let
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What plant breeders can do to addre
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into wild habitats by livestock far
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ackup collections, active collectio
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elow a certain predetermined level,
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located in developing countries, wh
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and the Animal and Plant Health Ins
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Astley, D. 1987. Genetic resource c
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Purpose and expected outcomes Plant
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Aa, and 51 will be aa. Using the pr
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Disequilibrium 1 0.5 0 0 c = 0.5 Fi
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germplasm collection and maintenanc
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Differential fitness is a factor th
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individual through one parent back
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Purpose and expected outcomes Most
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Polygenes and polygenic inheritance
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of the trait of interest determines
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variation that the primary genetic
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may also be reported as a percentag
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will be advanced, and will conseque
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Frequency Frequency µ µ s Phenoty
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Selection using a restricted index
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INTRODUCTION TO QUANTITATIVE GENETI
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Explicit indices are laborious, req
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This is done for each combination a
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A B C Males (a) Conceptual Paired r
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Falconer, D.S., and T.F.C. Mackay.
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averages, to the more complex multi
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andomization. The blocks should be
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Coefficient of variation The coeffi
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By plugging values for X i , corres
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Multivariate statistics in plant br
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PC3 (15.8%) PC2 (30.72%) 0.10 0.05
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Canonical function II 0.8 0.6 0.4 0
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Discriminant function analysis Disc
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Section 5 Tools in plant breeding C
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Applications of crossing in plant b
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emasculation is not a universal req
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However, in other crosses, the F 2
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Single cross A × B AB Proportion A
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3 Creation of new alloploids. Wide
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SEXUAL HYBRIDIZATION AND WIDE CROSS
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SEXUAL HYBRIDIZATION AND WIDE CROSS
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R. C. Buckner and his colleagues su
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Purpose and expected outcomes The c
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TISSUE CULTURE AND THE BREEDING OF
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previously described. Sometimes, to
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fraction of androgenic grains devel
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Introduction Sergey Chalyk TISSUE C
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only be maintained by vegetative pr
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Sexually reproductive Apomict New c
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Purpose and expected outcomes It wa
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the same plant. However, the dual c
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1 The ends of the segment may be di
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mutagen frequency is desired, the e
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Introduction F. Laurens MUTAGENESIS
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Climatic adaptation MUTAGENESIS IN
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MUTAGENESIS IN PLANT BREEDING 211 K
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Part A Please answer the following
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Triticum monococcum (2n = 2x = 14)
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(a) (b) A B A B a b a b A B A B a b
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Table 13.4 Genetics of autoploids.
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of sterility because of the odd chr
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 1 (a) Germinated
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Figure 2 In vitro regenerated plant
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(AABBDDRR, 2n = 8x = 56), but it re
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(in alloploids) or homologous (in a
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Purpose and expected outcomes Genes
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and expression (including codon usa
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1 Efficient plant regeneration syst
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Structural defect in the gene const
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sequence analysis. It is an applica
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Analysis BIOTECHNOLOGY IN PLANT BRE
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BIOTECHNOLOGY IN PLANT BREEDING 243
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of genes of known functions. Three
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source of the gene is a wild germpl
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ands for identification may minimiz
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location, genetic effects, and the
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3 Germplasm evaluation. Markers can
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Engineering pest resistance To date
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Purpose and expected outcomes Intel
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the key functions of a patent is to
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The development of truly new and un
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Ethics in plant breeding Manipulati
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Introduction ISSUES IN THE APPLICAT
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ISSUES IN THE APPLICATION OF BIOTEC
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Overview of the regulation of the U
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Table 15.2 Some viral-coated protei
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conditions. Further, these phenotyp
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there is no inherent health risk in
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esistance concerns (or “collatera
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Damage to economic interest (market
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Section 6 Classic methods of plant
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Open-pollinated cultivars Contrary
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Common plant breeding notations Pla
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(a) Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 (b) Source
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2 Cultivars developed for a discrim
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especially where readily identifiab
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Comments 1 Growing parents, making
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Comments Generation Year 1 P 1 × P
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3 Natural selection may increase fr
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5 Every plant originates from a dif
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1 year BREEDING SELF-POLLINATED SPE
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BREEDING SELF-POLLINATED SPECIES 30
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Year 1 Year 2 F 1 Year 3 Year 4 Yea
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2 Extensive advanced testing is not
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Applications One of the earliest ap
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species (maize) and has been a majo
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Purpose and expected outcomes As pr
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epistatic interactions enhance the
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Season 1 Source population C 0 Seas
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Procedure: cycle 1 This is the same
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Advantages and disadvantages The ma
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(a) (b) Figure 1 Examples of (a) Po
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Figure 3 Range of seed development
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Applications The scheme has been us
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stems from several biological facto
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Factors affecting the performance o
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7 Give a specific disadvantage of m
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Other notable advances in the breed
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BREEDING HYBRID CULTIVARS 337 ducin
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BREEDING HYBRID CULTIVARS 339 for c
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of interest. As Falconer indicated,
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patterns derived from the same open
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(a) (b) Seed parent (male-sterile)
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Table 18.1 Calculating heat units a
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such as sugarcane (most commercial
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Section 7 Selected breeding objecti
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water utilization, photoperiod, har
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expense of the rest of the plant. N
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usually results from one component
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Figure 3 Field trials demonstrating
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References Concept of yield plateau
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Shatter-sensitive cultivars are sus
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Nature, types, and economic importa
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Purpose and expected outcomes Plant
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elative to a benchmark. A genotype
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Types of genetic resistance The com
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General considerations for breeding
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for most middling resistance. It sh
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pathogen to give resistance), was c
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BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE TO DISEASES
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BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE TO DISEASES
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5 The plant or cell overproduces th
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Purpose and expected outcomes Clima
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ultimately its productivity and eco
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Breeding for drought resistance Dro
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drought. Consequently, phenotypic s
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BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE TO ABIOTIC
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More N partitioned to leaves before
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interruption in normal germination,
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Table 21.1 Relative salt tolerance
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toxicities of economic importance t
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Acevedo, E., and E. Fereres. 1993.
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Table 22.1 Essential amino acids th
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BREEDING COMPOSITIONAL TRAITS AND A
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Figure 1 Farmer (left) and research
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the presence of β-carotene, but no
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and cell walls are degraded. There
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milling, extraction of oil, starch
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Section 8 Cultivar release and comm
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in two stages. The first stage, cal
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genotype is reduced. This raises th
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Different models of ANOVA are used
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Table 23.2 Stability analysis. PERF
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PERFORMANCE EVALUATION FOR CROP CUL
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esources available (land, seed, lab
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Advantages 1 It is the simplest of
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Mapping populations have additional
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Purpose and expected outcomes The u
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Funk Columbiana Farm Seed Germain
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Joe W. Burton SEED CERTIFICATION AN
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Registered seed Registered seed is
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Canada’s Plant Breeders’ Rights
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Seed certification process There ar
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Table 24.1 Information on a seed ta
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Boswell, V.R. 1961. The importance
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property is a major one in plant br
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important issues to be considered i
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Soybean Soybean research is conduct
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INTERNATIONAL PLANT BREEDING EFFORT
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Selected accomplishments The impact
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national entities. More importantly
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Cicarelli contest that most farmers
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EMERGING CONCEPTS IN PLANT BREEDING
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EMERGING CONCEPTS IN PLANT BREEDING
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Principles of organic plant breedin
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Part II Breeding selected crops Cha
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Adaptation Wheat is best adapted to
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are less successful, being of poor
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Introduction BREEDING WHEAT 477 Ind
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Host plant resistance to disease an
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Greenhouse nursery Breeders may use
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when the production area is isolate
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Taxonomy Kingdom Plantae Subkingdom
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encloses the soft starch at the cen
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Designated ms 1 , ms 2 ,...ms n , o
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F. J. Betrán Texas A&M University,
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Development of hybrids BREEDING COR
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chambers may be used for experiment
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orer. A chemical found in corn with
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A British sea captain brought rice
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while awnless is conditioned by an
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Figure 1 Rice panicle being prepare
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Figure 5 A foundation seed field of
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emoved with forceps, the cut may be
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green midrib because of the presenc
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BREEDING SORGHUM 513 Kansas State U
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Summer Year 5 Summer Year 7 Summer
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covered with the bag. Pollination s
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and brown being dominant over gray.
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BREEDING SOYBEAN 523 easily selecte
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BREEDING SOYBEAN 525 An advantage o
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Common breeding objectives 1 Grain
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Program objectives Charles Simpson
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BREEDING PEANUT 533 lines in hopes
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for emasculation, which is done in
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Evolution of the modern potato crop
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BREEDING POTATO 541 Table 1 The Sco
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(berries) called potato balls. The
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6 Potato tuber quality improvement.
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grown in America, Africa, Asia, and
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Introduction Don L. Keim BREEDING C
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BREEDING COTTON 551 are grown in tr
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economically important traits has b
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Part B Please answer the following
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Central dogma: The underlying model
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Mitosis: The process of nuclear div
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Chapter 1 http://www.foodfirst.org/
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Imperial unit Metric conversion Vol
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complex inheritance, 42 composite c
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minor gene resistance, 371 minor ge
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technology protection system (TPS),
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