Principles of Plant Genetics and Breeding

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106 CHAPTER 6 Table 6.2 Germplasm holdings at the International Agricultural Research Centers. International center Germplasm type Holdings International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) Rice 80,617 Centro Internationale de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo (International Center for the Improvement of Maize and Wheat) (CIMMYT) Wheat 95,113 Maize 20,411 International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) Forages 18,138 Bean 31,718 International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Bambara groundnut 2,029 Cassava 2,158 Cowpea 15,001 Soybean 1,901 Wild Vigna 1,634 Yam 2,878 International Potato Center (CIP) Potato 5,057 Sweet potato 6,413 Andean roots/tubers 1,112 International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) Barley 24,218 Chickpea 9,116 Faba bean 9,074 Forages 24,581 Lentil 7,827 Wheat 30,270 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) Chickpea 16,961 Groundnut 14,357 Pearl millet 21,250 Minor millets 9,050 Pigeon pea 12,698 Sorghum 35,780 West African Rice Development Association (WARDA) Rice 14,917 International Center for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) Sesbania 25 International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) Forages 11,537 International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI)/ International Musa 931 Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain (INIBAP) Total 532,508 Collections The base collections of the USA are maintained at the National Seed Storage Laboratory at Fort Collins, Colorado. These collections are seldom regrown to avoid possible genetic changes. The laboratory provides long-term backup storage for the NPGS. In addition to seed, there are National Clonal Repositories for maintaining clonal germplasm. These include Davis, California (for grapes, nuts, and stone fruits) and Maimi, Florida (for subtropical and tropical fruits and sugarcane). The locations and mandates of 35 plant germplasm conservation programs in the NPGS are presented in Table 6.1. A summary of the germplasm holdings at each location as of August 2004 is provided in Table 6.2. Plant breeders have access to the accessions in these active collections. Information The information on the accessions in the NPGS has been computerized to facilitate its dissemination. The system, Germplasm Resources Information Network, is located at the Beltsville USDA research center.
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Principles of Plant Genetics and Br
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Principles of Plant Genetics and Br
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Industry highlights boxes, vii Indu
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Industry highlights boxes Chapter 1
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Industry highlights box authors Acq
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Plant breeding is an art and a scie
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The author expresses sincere gratit
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Section 1 Historical perspectives a
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4 CHAPTER 1 accomplish astonishing
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6 CHAPTER 1 modifying the crop prod
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8 CHAPTER 1 Table 1.2 Selected mile
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10 CHAPTER 1 one season. Furthermor
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12 CHAPTER 1 Figure 1 Dr Norman Bor
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14 CHAPTER 1 agrochemicals. Recent
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Section 2 General biological concep
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18 CHAPTER 2 discovered. As will be
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20 CHAPTER 2 antiquity is establish
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22 CHAPTER 2 cultivation in areas a
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24 CHAPTER 2 Table 2.1 Characterist
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26 CHAPTER 2 Table 2.2 An operation
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28 CHAPTER 2 elite germplasm or adv
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30 CHAPTER 2 identify the most prom
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32 CHAPTER 2 Research Institute (SC
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34 CHAPTER 2 Part A Please answer t
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36 CHAPTER 3 out that when plants a
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38 CHAPTER 3 Table 3.2 Number of ch
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40 CHAPTER 3 AA × aa (a) A × a Aa
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42 CHAPTER 3 (a) PP × pp Pp 100% (
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44 CHAPTER 3 AB Ab aB ab (a) Parent
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46 CHAPTER 3 lifeblood of plant bre
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48 CHAPTER 3 -A=T- 5′ 3′ 5′ 5
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50 CHAPTER 3 Expression of genetic
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52 CHAPTER 3 Enhancer region subuni
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54 CHAPTER 3 Part A Please answer t
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56 CHAPTER 4 may be capable of self
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58 CHAPTER 4 Death Seed Reproductiv
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60 CHAPTER 4 Table 4.1 Pollination
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62 CHAPTER 4 homozygous and therefo
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64 CHAPTER 4 price of hybrid seed.
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66 CHAPTER 4 (a) (b) Figure 1 (a) A
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68 CHAPTER 4 only the desired polle
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70 CHAPTER 4 used to make a self-in
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72 CHAPTER 4 Male-fertile RfRf or R
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Section 3 Germplasm issues Chapter
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76 CHAPTER 5 Kingdom Division Class
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78 CHAPTER 5 may be classified into
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Page 200: 86 CHAPTER 5 Part B Please answer t
Page 204: 88 CHAPTER 6 programs is the steady
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Page 224: 98 CHAPTER 6 Approaches to germplas
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Page 236: 104 CHAPTER 6 and Agricultural Orga
Page 242: Astley, D. 1987. Genetic resource c
Page 246: Purpose and expected outcomes Plant
Page 250: Aa, and 51 will be aa. Using the pr
Page 254: Disequilibrium 1 0.5 0 0 c = 0.5 Fi
Page 258: germplasm collection and maintenanc
Page 262: Differential fitness is a factor th
Page 266: individual through one parent back
Page 270: Purpose and expected outcomes Most
Page 274: Polygenes and polygenic inheritance
Page 278: of the trait of interest determines
Page 282: variation that the primary genetic
Page 286: may also be reported as a percentag
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will be advanced, and will conseque
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Frequency Frequency µ µ s Phenoty
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Selection using a restricted index
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INTRODUCTION TO QUANTITATIVE GENETI
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Explicit indices are laborious, req
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This is done for each combination a
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A B C Males (a) Conceptual Paired r
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Falconer, D.S., and T.F.C. Mackay.
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averages, to the more complex multi
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andomization. The blocks should be
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Coefficient of variation The coeffi
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By plugging values for X i , corres
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Multivariate statistics in plant br
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PC3 (15.8%) PC2 (30.72%) 0.10 0.05
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Canonical function II 0.8 0.6 0.4 0
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Discriminant function analysis Disc
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Section 5 Tools in plant breeding C
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Applications of crossing in plant b
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emasculation is not a universal req
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However, in other crosses, the F 2
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Single cross A × B AB Proportion A
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3 Creation of new alloploids. Wide
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SEXUAL HYBRIDIZATION AND WIDE CROSS
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SEXUAL HYBRIDIZATION AND WIDE CROSS
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R. C. Buckner and his colleagues su
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Purpose and expected outcomes The c
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TISSUE CULTURE AND THE BREEDING OF
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previously described. Sometimes, to
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fraction of androgenic grains devel
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Introduction Sergey Chalyk TISSUE C
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only be maintained by vegetative pr
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Sexually reproductive Apomict New c
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Purpose and expected outcomes It wa
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the same plant. However, the dual c
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1 The ends of the segment may be di
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mutagen frequency is desired, the e
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Introduction F. Laurens MUTAGENESIS
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Climatic adaptation MUTAGENESIS IN
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MUTAGENESIS IN PLANT BREEDING 211 K
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Part A Please answer the following
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Triticum monococcum (2n = 2x = 14)
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(a) (b) A B A B a b a b A B A B a b
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Table 13.4 Genetics of autoploids.
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of sterility because of the odd chr
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 1 (a) Germinated
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Figure 2 In vitro regenerated plant
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(AABBDDRR, 2n = 8x = 56), but it re
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(in alloploids) or homologous (in a
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Purpose and expected outcomes Genes
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and expression (including codon usa
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1 Efficient plant regeneration syst
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Structural defect in the gene const
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sequence analysis. It is an applica
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Analysis BIOTECHNOLOGY IN PLANT BRE
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BIOTECHNOLOGY IN PLANT BREEDING 243
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of genes of known functions. Three
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source of the gene is a wild germpl
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ands for identification may minimiz
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location, genetic effects, and the
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3 Germplasm evaluation. Markers can
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Engineering pest resistance To date
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Purpose and expected outcomes Intel
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the key functions of a patent is to
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The development of truly new and un
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Ethics in plant breeding Manipulati
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Introduction ISSUES IN THE APPLICAT
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ISSUES IN THE APPLICATION OF BIOTEC
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Overview of the regulation of the U
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Table 15.2 Some viral-coated protei
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conditions. Further, these phenotyp
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there is no inherent health risk in
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esistance concerns (or “collatera
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Damage to economic interest (market
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Section 6 Classic methods of plant
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Open-pollinated cultivars Contrary
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Common plant breeding notations Pla
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(a) Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 (b) Source
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2 Cultivars developed for a discrim
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especially where readily identifiab
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Comments 1 Growing parents, making
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Comments Generation Year 1 P 1 × P
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3 Natural selection may increase fr
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5 Every plant originates from a dif
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1 year BREEDING SELF-POLLINATED SPE
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BREEDING SELF-POLLINATED SPECIES 30
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Year 1 Year 2 F 1 Year 3 Year 4 Yea
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2 Extensive advanced testing is not
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Applications One of the earliest ap
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species (maize) and has been a majo
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Purpose and expected outcomes As pr
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epistatic interactions enhance the
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Season 1 Source population C 0 Seas
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Procedure: cycle 1 This is the same
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Advantages and disadvantages The ma
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(a) (b) Figure 1 Examples of (a) Po
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Figure 3 Range of seed development
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Applications The scheme has been us
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stems from several biological facto
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Factors affecting the performance o
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7 Give a specific disadvantage of m
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Other notable advances in the breed
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BREEDING HYBRID CULTIVARS 337 ducin
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BREEDING HYBRID CULTIVARS 339 for c
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of interest. As Falconer indicated,
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patterns derived from the same open
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(a) (b) Seed parent (male-sterile)
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Table 18.1 Calculating heat units a
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such as sugarcane (most commercial
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Section 7 Selected breeding objecti
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water utilization, photoperiod, har
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expense of the rest of the plant. N
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usually results from one component
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Figure 3 Field trials demonstrating
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References Concept of yield plateau
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Shatter-sensitive cultivars are sus
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Nature, types, and economic importa
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Purpose and expected outcomes Plant
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elative to a benchmark. A genotype
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Types of genetic resistance The com
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General considerations for breeding
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for most middling resistance. It sh
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pathogen to give resistance), was c
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BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE TO DISEASES
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BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE TO DISEASES
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5 The plant or cell overproduces th
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Purpose and expected outcomes Clima
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ultimately its productivity and eco
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Breeding for drought resistance Dro
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drought. Consequently, phenotypic s
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BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE TO ABIOTIC
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More N partitioned to leaves before
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interruption in normal germination,
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Table 21.1 Relative salt tolerance
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toxicities of economic importance t
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Acevedo, E., and E. Fereres. 1993.
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Table 22.1 Essential amino acids th
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BREEDING COMPOSITIONAL TRAITS AND A
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Figure 1 Farmer (left) and research
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the presence of β-carotene, but no
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and cell walls are degraded. There
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milling, extraction of oil, starch
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Section 8 Cultivar release and comm
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in two stages. The first stage, cal
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genotype is reduced. This raises th
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Different models of ANOVA are used
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Table 23.2 Stability analysis. PERF
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PERFORMANCE EVALUATION FOR CROP CUL
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esources available (land, seed, lab
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Advantages 1 It is the simplest of
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Mapping populations have additional
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Purpose and expected outcomes The u
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Funk Columbiana Farm Seed Germain
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Joe W. Burton SEED CERTIFICATION AN
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Registered seed Registered seed is
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Canada’s Plant Breeders’ Rights
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Seed certification process There ar
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Table 24.1 Information on a seed ta
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Boswell, V.R. 1961. The importance
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property is a major one in plant br
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important issues to be considered i
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Soybean Soybean research is conduct
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INTERNATIONAL PLANT BREEDING EFFORT
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Selected accomplishments The impact
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national entities. More importantly
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Cicarelli contest that most farmers
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EMERGING CONCEPTS IN PLANT BREEDING
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EMERGING CONCEPTS IN PLANT BREEDING
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Principles of organic plant breedin
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Part II Breeding selected crops Cha
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Adaptation Wheat is best adapted to
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are less successful, being of poor
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Introduction BREEDING WHEAT 477 Ind
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Host plant resistance to disease an
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Greenhouse nursery Breeders may use
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when the production area is isolate
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Taxonomy Kingdom Plantae Subkingdom
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encloses the soft starch at the cen
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Designated ms 1 , ms 2 ,...ms n , o
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F. J. Betrán Texas A&M University,
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Development of hybrids BREEDING COR
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chambers may be used for experiment
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orer. A chemical found in corn with
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A British sea captain brought rice
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while awnless is conditioned by an
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Figure 1 Rice panicle being prepare
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Figure 5 A foundation seed field of
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emoved with forceps, the cut may be
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green midrib because of the presenc
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BREEDING SORGHUM 513 Kansas State U
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Summer Year 5 Summer Year 7 Summer
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covered with the bag. Pollination s
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and brown being dominant over gray.
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BREEDING SOYBEAN 523 easily selecte
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BREEDING SOYBEAN 525 An advantage o
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Common breeding objectives 1 Grain
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Program objectives Charles Simpson
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BREEDING PEANUT 533 lines in hopes
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for emasculation, which is done in
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Evolution of the modern potato crop
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BREEDING POTATO 541 Table 1 The Sco
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(berries) called potato balls. The
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6 Potato tuber quality improvement.
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grown in America, Africa, Asia, and
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Introduction Don L. Keim BREEDING C
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BREEDING COTTON 551 are grown in tr
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economically important traits has b
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Part B Please answer the following
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Central dogma: The underlying model
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Mitosis: The process of nuclear div
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Chapter 1 http://www.foodfirst.org/
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Imperial unit Metric conversion Vol
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complex inheritance, 42 composite c
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minor gene resistance, 371 minor ge
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technology protection system (TPS),
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