Pan-Pacific Conference XXXIV. Designing New Business Models in Developing Economies

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played a role in creating accessibility. However, the facilities in which the co-operatives are working from are unable to accommodate additional workforce in times of need or when there a big sewing projects, meaning that they unsafely accommodate additional workers in the interest of delivering on their orders and about 60 cooperatives do not have adequate rest facilities only 18 co-operatives have access to such, this immediately pose a health threat to the workers of a co-operative in terms of ergonomics and musculoskeletal health problems associated with not taking adequate rests (Habib, 2015). The adequate rest facilities are also associated with having access to a canteen space which is a space perfect for having a meal and eating from a factory floor also increases chances of eating food contaminated by fabric dust or particles, from this study it is also evident that there aren’t many of the sewing cooperatives with proper canteen facilities as 43 cooperatives disagree having a canteen or kitchen facility. Another item inquired about the employeefriendliness of the facilities, this refers to the facilities support of a healthy lifestyle in form of resources and furniture available and this may reflect that employees are now used to the challenging working conditions and 40 cooperatives agree that their facilities are employee friendly, besides the fact that 60 of them stated that they did not have adequate rest facilities. Although the co-operatives movement has a responsibility to lookout for the weak in society such as the disabled, the sewing co-operatives in this study did not make any provision to accommodate the disabled members or workers, only 16 co-operatives do have adequate facilities to host a physically challenged person and those facilities also extend to others who are not disabled as they feature safety measures and creation of more exit points, benefiting the cooperative indirectly. The major concern is that cooperatives referred to on this research do not have basic adequate medical facilities such as the first aid, this a total of 57 co-operatives and employing at minimum 10 people. Ensuring adequate access to first aid health is essential in sewing activities and to maintain a space which promotes safety. Finally, the last question referred to safety in terms of the availability of satisfactory emergency exit points, a total of 38 co-operatives agreed that they had adequate exit points for cases of emergency, but an equal number of 20 co-operative disagreed and also the other 20 was neutral on whether they had adequate exit points in case of emergency. The section that follows discusses this findings in line with the model proposed in the literature review. V. DISCUSSION The size of the sample is relatively small to make a general statement. However, the lack of adequate industrial facilities with safety features necessary for any-size manufacturing enterprise is of importance to operations engineering practitioners and the sellers of sewing machineries [23]. Due to high reliance of sewing operations on human intervention, adherence to labour standards is, non-negotiable. It is recommended that engineering safety practices be enforced through labour inspection. In conclusion, we recognize that sewing cooperatives around the world have impact positively on the livelihoods of many societies and particularly on women by helping them to earn income to provide for their families [24]. Even if so, if the safety risk in relation to working conditions is not well managed or mitigated procedurally, it may cause loss of lives [30]. Industrial wear should be provided and be worn and other safety precautions should be adhered to without compromise, on daily basis [31]. Future research may work with a larger sample size and investigate the impact of safety manuals on worker owned manufacturing cooperatives. VI. CONCLUSION Industrial hygiene is a non-negotiable pre-requisite towards ensuring safe working conditions [31]. Refraining from non-compliance with labour legislation [33] and illegal power connections may prevent loss and accidents happening [34]. Engineering management, is arguably not a special kind of management, but a form of management directed to operations management and engineered solutions, therefore managers rely on people to get work done and it is equally important to ensure that there are safe working conditions regardless of the size of business [35]. Updated and recent engineering manuals on safety in small clothing manufacturing firms may come handy in this decade of great emergence of manufacturing cooperatives and may also be useful to building worker confidence of demanding safe and hazard-free working conditions [36]. Large corporations embrace safe working conditions given the benefits of an accident-free work place. Fire can break-out and if the facilities do not have clear exits staff members can burn or get hurt and during a natural disaster such as flooding workers need to know the evacuation procedure from the production facility. Moreover, a production facility should be physically strong to withstand any major natural disasters such as hurricanes [37] and finally, working in cooperatives should not compromise safety, health and protection of the cooperatives’ members and workers. Manufacturing cooperatives should rather be attractive enterprises to work for given the social and economic benefits associated with cooperatives [38]. Safety engineers and town planners can play an important role in supporting the aims of developing facilities for small manufacturing cooperatives such as the sewing cooperatives [39]. REFERENCES [1] Ahmed, N. and Nathan, D., 2014. Improving wages and working conditions in the Bangladeshi garment sector: The role of horizontal and vertical relations. Capturing the Gains. [2] Bhaskaran, R., Nathan, D., Phillips, N. and Choragudi, U., 2014. Vulnerable workers and labour standards (non-) compliance in global production networks: Home-based child labour in 102
Delhi’s garment sector. In Towards Better Work (pp. 172-190). Palgrave Macmillan UK. [3] Blaikie, P., Cannon, T., Davis, I. and Wisner, B., 2014. At risk: natural hazards, people's vulnerability and disasters. Routledge. [4] Brown, G.D., 2013. China's factory floors: an industrial hygienist's view. International journal of occupational and environmental health. [5] Chadwick, N., 2013, April. WOMEN SEWING their way out of poverty. International Trade Forum (No. 2, p. 31). International Trade Centre. [6] Chang, C.M., 2016. Engineering Management: Meeting the Global Challenges. CRC Press. [7] Chen, J., Sohal, A.S. and Prajogo, D.I., 2013. Supply chain operational risk mitigation: a collaborative approach. International Journal of Production Research, 51(7), pp.2186- 2199. [8] Cooperatives Act of 2005. Republic of South Africa United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (2015). Goal 9: Build Resilient Infrastructure, Promote Sustainable Industrialization and Foster Innovation. www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/infra structure-industrialization , accessed 10 April 2016 [9] Donaldson, R. & Smit, E. (2011). The home as informal business location: Home Based Business (HBB) dynamics in the medium-sized. SSBKRP/MDM (59) [10] du Toit, G.S., Valsamakis, A.C. & Vivian, R.W. (2012) Risk Management. Heinemann: Sandton South Africa [11] Eccles, R.G. and Serafeim, G., (2013). The performance frontier. Harvard business review, 91(5), pp.50-60. [12] Eylem, K. & Hasan, A.B. (2015). An application of Analytic Hierachy Process (AHP) in a real world problem of store location selection. Advances in Management and Applied Economics, vol. 5, no. 1, 2015, pp. 41-50 [13] Garth, M. & Xiangmin, C. (2013). China and Africa: The Crucial Urban Connection. Trinity College – Digital Repository [14] General Safety Regulations (1986). Department of Labour. Republic of South Africa, 30 May 1986 [15] Golodner, L 2016, 'Consuming with a Conscience', Journal Of Consumer Affairs, 50, 3, pp. 492-504, Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 February 2017. [16] Habib, MM 2015, 'Ergonomic risk factor identification for sewing machine operators through supervised occupational therapy fieldwork in Bangladesh: A case study', Work, 50, 3, pp. 357-362, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 February 2017. [17] Hammer, N., Plugor, R., Nolan, P. and Clark, I., (2015). A New Industry on a Skewed Playing Field: Supply Chain Relations and Working Conditions in UK Garment Manufacturing. [18] Heath, R. and McCormick, T., (2016). Migrants, Information, and Working Conditions in Bangladeshi Garment Factories. [19] Heizer, J. & Render, B. (2014). Operations Management: Sustainability and Supply Chain Management 11th Edition. Pearson England p. 409 [20] International Cooperative Alliance (2013). Blueprint for a Co-operative Decade Report [21] International Co-operative Alliance (2015). Facts and Figures. ica.coop/en/facts-and-figures, accessed: 10 May 2016 [22] International Labour Office (2013). Statistics on Cooperatives. 19th International Conference of Labour Statisticians, Geneva, 2-11 October 2013 [23] International Labour Organisation (2009). COOPS AFRICA: Cooperative Governance Project in Kenya. www.ilo.org/coopafrica accessed 5 January 2016 [24] Kolben, K., (2004). Trade, monitoring, and the ILO: Working to improve conditions in Cambodia's garment factories. Yale Human Rights and Development Law Journal, 7, p.79. [25] Kunze, O., Wulfhorst, G. and Minner, S., 2016. Applying systems thinking to city logistics: A qualitative (and quantitative) approach to model interdependencies of decisions by various stakeholders and their impact on city logistics. Transportation Research Procedia, 12, pp.692-706. [26] Lindholm, H., (2016). Trying to secure decent working conditions: Do corporate social responsibility audits improve risk management in global garment supply chains?. [27] Locke, R.M. and Romis, M., (2007). Improving work conditions in a global supply chain. MIT Sloan Management Review, 48(2), p.54. [28] Lyon, B.K. & Popov, G. (2016). Selecting, Modifying & Combining Methods to Assess Operational Risks. Professional Safety. www.esse.org [29] Nawawi, R, Deros, B, Daruis, D, Ramli, A, Zein, R, & Joseph, L 2015, 'Effects of payment method on work control, work risk and work-related musculoskeletal health among sewing machine operators', Journal Of Mechanical Engineering & Science, 9, pp. 1705-1713, Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 February 2017. 103
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PAN-PACIFIC CONFERENCE XXXIV Design
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2017 PAN-PACIFIC PROGRAM COMMITTEE
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The Pan-Pacific Business Associatio
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TUESDAY, MAY 30, 2017 13:30 - 15:00
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WEDNESDAY, MAY 31, 2017 13:30 - 15:
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The Adverse Effect of Psychological
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Sake Branding Strategy: Securing Ne
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The Failure of Transport Megaprojec
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WP12 International Finance Alpamayo
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INDEX Anderson, John WA12 Iluz, Mic
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xx
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Women Entrepreneurs and Family Firm
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catering for the local market. In o
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three groups with performance´ dif
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Cross-Disciplinary Education: Not B
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Attitudes Towards Servant Leadershi
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[6] Liden, R.C., Wayne, S.J., Zhao,
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(SD = 7.77), and work experience 12
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A representative emotion inventory
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emergence of a paradigm. In I. J. G
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OBJECTIVE The primary objective of
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Threshold effects of psychological
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eported in Table 4. Partial F-tests
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The adverse effect of psychological
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pp. 283-289, 2011. [6] T. Vantilbor
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the scales are reported in brackets
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The Key Characteristics of Necessit
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At a glance, there appears to be so
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Job Calling, Work Identity and Job
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jobs to achieve set milestones that
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competency model is well founded on
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I-deal, I-craft, I-perform: A theor
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changes that affects their roles (G
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mechanisms.There were three overarc
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Table 1. Efficiency Results. DMU DE
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Not by Bread Alone: Estimating Futu
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Page 81 and 82: motor-vehicle industry in the Johan
Page 83 and 84: The Collaboration with Infrastructu
Page 85 and 86: Table1.Koshino Shu Kura (Jyoetsumyo
Page 87 and 88: product: its focus is on the needs
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Page 91 and 92: It is important to note that althou
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Page 95 and 96: 0.85 customs, the reduction in time
Page 97 and 98: Table 1. Confirmatory Factor Analys
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Page 103 and 104: An Exploratory Study regarding Mode
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Page 107 and 108: Standard Sake has been circulated b
Page 109 and 110: Can Ethics Be Used as a Tool of Inf
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Page 113 and 114: Defensive reactions as potential re
Page 115 and 116: Data gathering methods Data (in thi
Page 117 and 118: utility by comparing with the exist
Page 119 and 120: Virginia Tech - most calculations f
Page 121 and 122: Aggression and bullying attributes
Page 123 and 124: implications for both the individua
Page 125 and 126: The Role of Factory Facilities on S
Page 127: [44]. The following hypotheses are
Page 131 and 132: A Manager’s personal value system
Page 133 and 134: commenting that good staff would le
Page 135 and 136: Law, Ethics and Business -How compa
Page 137 and 138: But to accept as quote, not reprodu
Page 139 and 140: integrity. In identifying the posit
Page 141 and 142: Consumer Awareness of Supply Chain
Page 143 and 144: Applications of Supplier Governance
Page 145 and 146: oth relational governance mechanism
Page 147 and 148: changing environment will disrupt g
Page 149 and 150: The Seven Efforts of Toyooka City:
Page 151 and 152: Study Related to Factors causing Fo
Page 153 and 154: - More people tend to choose privat
Page 155 and 156: students wishing to go to Italy. Ho
Page 157 and 158: investigating a multitude of design
Page 159 and 160: The failure of transport megaprojec
Page 161 and 162: C. Gautrain Gautrain is a high spee
Page 163 and 164: Delivering the required supply chai
Page 165 and 166: TABLE 1: Ranking of sills requireme
Page 167 and 168: [16] Taylor, M. B., 2016. A strateg
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Page 171 and 172: Information Technology Project Fail
Page 173 and 174: Factors of IT project failure One o
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Anxiety Index is defined as the rat
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serious problems due to pet fires,
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Deployment of Japanese Companies to
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stable politics and society situati
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APEC 61 437 615 21 634 2.8 World 11
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esults in higher levels of adaptati
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Web 2.0 tools for Virtual Reference
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Yes % 12.5% 14.8% 31.5% 33.2% 60.5%
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(Brundage, 2015), reminding one of
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CONCLUSION The review fostered a br
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significant causes of information o
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Circulation Type Farm Waste Managem
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IV. FUTURE CHALLENGES AND ANTIMICRO
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webpages, the Scopus database, Webo
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Supply Chain Materials Flow and the
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more speed, greatly exceeding the p
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To identify the external and intern
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Equality platforms. Also equity ref
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The Strategic Process in Large Ecua
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CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION The resul
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12/10 12/11 12/12 13/01 13/02 13/03
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Business and Social Initiatives in
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case No. SKS-069. Boston: Harvard B
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Purchase intention Purchase intenti
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Signing the Annual Report of the Sw
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waste. A person without any powers
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2. DEVELOPMENT OF HYPOTHESIS Existi
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Perceptions of financial institutio
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Table1: Perceptions in business eti
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Roles of Regional Absorptive Capaci
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theoretically and intuitively sound
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still intriguing, (Carrington, 2013
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The effectiveness of strategic mana
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improved planning and a reduction i
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elatively stable collection of soci
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Measuring human capital disclosure
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DISCUSSION Managerial implications
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emain in the organization as they m
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Mega transport and logistics infras
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B.‘The Boston Big Dig’ - U.S.A.
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1 if St k ( k 1,2) Skt 0 otherwi
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India’s Technology Initiatives: I
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engine, sanitation, health and work
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Enterprise Finance, Agency), Develo
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Saharan African countries [8]. It i
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Systemic exclusion - barrier to eff
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ecause they focus on managing the r
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II. LITERATURE REVIEW The role of l
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60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Graph 3: Locati
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[25] Blok, M.M., Groenesteijn, L.,
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conducted in ways that diminishes t
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the supply chain. Second, suppliers
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In addition, firms’ responses to
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Limitations of the Theory of Planne
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[6] Barney, J. Firm resources and s
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