Pan-Pacific Conference XXXIV. Designing New Business Models in Developing Economies

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the type of required support. The findings further raise awareness of support institutions that South African SMEs might not have been aware of, as most institutions do not publicly advertise. Due to the merger, acquisition or closure of many governmental support institutions, the research lastly provides an up-to-date snapshot of available support for South African SMEs. LIMITATIONS OF THE RESEARCH While a large number of private support institutions exist, many are small in size and do not publicly advertise their services. As a result, while the list of identified support institutions is comprehensive and focuses on prominent support institutions, the list cannot be deemed as allencompassing. Furthermore, many sectors of the economy have smaller specialized support institutions which appeal to a smaller audience of SMEs for sectoral reasons. These institutions could not be included due to lack of available data and advertising. REFERENCES [1] Abor, J. & Quartey, P. Issues in SME development in Ghana and South Africa. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 2010, 39(1), 218-228. [2] Adeniran, T. & Johnston, K. Investigating the Level of Internet capabilities of South African Small and Medium Enterprises in Changing Environments. Proceedings of the 13th Annual Conference on World Wide Web Applications, held in Johannesburg, South Africa. 2011. [3] Asah, F.T., Fatoki, O.O. & Rungani, E. The impact of motivations, personal values and management skills on the performance of SMEs in South Africa. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 2015, 6(3), 1-29. [4] Bankseta Small and Micro enterprises (SMEs). Available online from: http://www.bankseta.org.za/downloads/S mall_andMicro_Enterprises_Brochure.pdf .2016. (Accessed 30 January 2017) [5] Davis Tax Committee. Small and Medium Enterprises: Taxation Considerations. Interim Report, July 2014. [6] Fatoki, O.O. & Smit, A.V.A. Constraints to credit access by new SMEs in South Africa: A supply-side analysis. African Journal of Business Management, 2011 5(4), 1413-1425. [7] Industrial Development Corporation (IDC). Economic Trends: Key trends in the South African economy. Available online from: https://www.idc.co.za/images/download- files/economic-overviews/RI-publication- Keytrends-in-SA-economy_March 2016.pdf (Accessed 30 January 2017) [8] Kelley, D., Singer, S. & Herrington, M. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: 2015/16 Global Report. Available online from: http://www.gemconsortium.org/report (Accessed 24 December 2016) [9] Lose, T., Maziriri, E.T. & Madinga, W. Assessing the impact Of Incubation programme to Small And Medium Enterprises development in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. International Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship Research, 2016, 4(4), 16-29. [10] Mahembe, E. Literature review on small and medium enterprises’ access to credit and support in South Africa. Prepared for the National Credit Regulator. Available online from: http://www.ncr.org.za.2011. (Accessed 15 March 2016) [11] Malefane, S. SMMEs and local economicbase restructuring – a South African local government perspective. Inaugural Professorial Lecture, held on 22 August 2013 at the University of South Africa, Pretoria. [12] Mungadze, S. Job-creation aims of NDP may be unrealistic. Available online from: http://www.bdlive.co.za/national/2015/05/ 05/job-creation-aims-of-ndp-may-beunrealistic. 2015. (Accessed on: 24 January 2017) [13] Nieman, G. & Nieuwenhuizen, C. Entrepre-ship: A South African perspective, Pretoria:Van Schaik Publishers, 2014. [14] Rootman, C. & Kruger, J. Adapting SMME business functions during economic turmoil. Acta Commercii, 2015, 10, 107-119. [15] South African Reserve Bank. The role of small business in the economy. Available online from: https://www.resbank.co.za. 2015. (Accessed 15 December 2016). [16] Statistics South Africa. Gross Domestic Product, Quarter 3:2016, 2016a. [17] Statistics South Africa. Quarterly Labour Force Survey, Quarter 3: 2016, 2016b [18] Timm, S. Global entrepreneurship report puts SA below average. Available online from: http://mg.co.za/article/2013-04-26- 00-report-puts-sa-below-average. 2013. (Accessed on: 24 January 2017). [19] World Bank. South Africa Economic Update: Focus on Financial Inclusion. Available online from: http://www.worldbank.org. 2013. (Accessed 18 August 2015). 242
Systemic exclusion – barrier to effective sme development in emerging economies Marius Joubert University of Johannesburg, marius@nxtlvl-growth.com Gerhard Roodt University of Johannesburg, groodt@uj.ac.za ABSTRACT This is a conceptual paper exploring the concept of systemic exclusion and how it relates to the development of Small Medium Size (SME’s) Enterprises in emerging economies. The aim of this paper was to explore the literature to determine how Social and Economic exclusion potentially impact SME development. Recently the concepts of inequality and inclusive growth have become words by governments and business alike. After closer review of the exclusion concept it seems exclusion is systemically entrenched in societies. The paper suggests that there is a level of systemic exclusion in societies that are not addressed by either governments or the financial and investment systems. Unless governments can resolve the issues that exacerbate exclusion across their societal and economic structures, their ability to develop and establish sustainable SME’s in their economies will be limited. It also suggests that if the financial system is engaged and capital allocations significantly increased to address this additional level of exclusion, it could have a profound effect on economic growth. Academically, it was found that no empirical research specifically address the potential impact that exclusion may have on SME development. A conceptual model is presented. INTRODUCTION During an Impact Investment conference in 2014 [20], Pope Frances said: “It is urgent that governments throughout the world commit themselves to developing an international framework capable of promoting a market of high impact investments and thus combating an economy which excludes and discards.” Politicians [4][32][2] often use the words “inclusive growth” to describe their commitment to economic development in their countries. World Bank president Yi Jong Kim [27] said “These trends come at a time when we need more cooperation, greater economic integration and stronger partnerships than ever before if we want the world economy to return to higher rates of inclusive, sustainable growth.” In the same speech, he stated: “Economic growth has to be more robust and more inclusive and capital investments have to grow in size and effectiveness. Ending extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity is our bottom line. We will achieve this by accelerating inclusive and sustainable economic growth, investing in human capital and by fostering resilience to global shocks and threats.” [36] released a report days before the Davos conference. They estimated that 8 of the world’s richest billionaires own more wealth than 3.6 billion people combined. The entire report refers to the necessity of inclusive growth and development and discusses the global challenge of inequality. If inclusiveness is so important for development, specifically in emerging and developing economies, then we should also understand exclusion in a broader sense. Exclusion as concept has been associated with social, racial, political and economic exclusion. It has also been associated with the poorest of the poor and the bottom of the pyramid (BOP), which assumes that the poorest have been excluded in most of these areas. It has also been associated with discrimination on the bases of race, gender, age, religion, education, social status, disability, political and tribal affiliations and thus they have been excluded from participating economically. This paper identifies systemic exclusion as an additional factor that should be considered and applied within the context of exclusion. Systemic exclusion will continue to hinder economic growth across the economic spectrum and will be impacting the development of innovative SME’s in emerging economies. LITERATURE REVIEW Definitions Nearly half of the world’s population — more than 3 billion people — live on less than $2.50 a day. More than 1.3 billion live in extreme poverty — less than $1.25 a day. Estimates are 2.1 billion children worldwide are living in poverty. Approximately 80% of the world population live on less than $10 a day. [36] estimates that it would take $60 billion annually to end extreme global poverty--that's less than 1/4 the income of the top 100 richest billionaires. Most of these people live across emerging and developing economies. [24] explains this level of poverty is created and exacerbated by different levels of social and economic exclusion where many of these people have been disadvantaged and discriminated against. 243
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PAN-PACIFIC CONFERENCE XXXIV Design
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2017 PAN-PACIFIC PROGRAM COMMITTEE
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The Pan-Pacific Business Associatio
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TUESDAY, MAY 30, 2017 13:30 - 15:00
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WEDNESDAY, MAY 31, 2017 13:30 - 15:
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The Adverse Effect of Psychological
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Sake Branding Strategy: Securing Ne
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The Failure of Transport Megaprojec
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WP12 International Finance Alpamayo
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INDEX Anderson, John WA12 Iluz, Mic
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xx
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Women Entrepreneurs and Family Firm
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catering for the local market. In o
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three groups with performance´ dif
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Cross-Disciplinary Education: Not B
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Attitudes Towards Servant Leadershi
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[6] Liden, R.C., Wayne, S.J., Zhao,
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(SD = 7.77), and work experience 12
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A representative emotion inventory
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emergence of a paradigm. In I. J. G
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OBJECTIVE The primary objective of
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Threshold effects of psychological
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eported in Table 4. Partial F-tests
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The adverse effect of psychological
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pp. 283-289, 2011. [6] T. Vantilbor
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the scales are reported in brackets
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The Key Characteristics of Necessit
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At a glance, there appears to be so
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Job Calling, Work Identity and Job
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jobs to achieve set milestones that
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competency model is well founded on
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I-deal, I-craft, I-perform: A theor
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changes that affects their roles (G
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mechanisms.There were three overarc
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Table 1. Efficiency Results. DMU DE
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Not by Bread Alone: Estimating Futu
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squeeze more potatoes for direct hu
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well explains glocal with a holisti
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motor-vehicle industry in the Johan
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The Collaboration with Infrastructu
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Table1.Koshino Shu Kura (Jyoetsumyo
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product: its focus is on the needs
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The Rise of Populism in the West an
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It is important to note that althou
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1.3 1.2 1.1 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 Commu
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0.85 customs, the reduction in time
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Table 1. Confirmatory Factor Analys
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Uncovering the Beauty of the Capita
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the largest number of research stud
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An Exploratory Study regarding Mode
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According to the results of hierarc
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Standard Sake has been circulated b
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Can Ethics Be Used as a Tool of Inf
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85
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Defensive reactions as potential re
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Data gathering methods Data (in thi
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utility by comparing with the exist
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Virginia Tech - most calculations f
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Aggression and bullying attributes
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implications for both the individua
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The Role of Factory Facilities on S
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[44]. The following hypotheses are
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Delhi’s garment sector. In Toward
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A Manager’s personal value system
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commenting that good staff would le
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Law, Ethics and Business -How compa
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But to accept as quote, not reprodu
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integrity. In identifying the posit
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Consumer Awareness of Supply Chain
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Applications of Supplier Governance
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oth relational governance mechanism
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changing environment will disrupt g
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The Seven Efforts of Toyooka City:
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Study Related to Factors causing Fo
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- More people tend to choose privat
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students wishing to go to Italy. Ho
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investigating a multitude of design
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The failure of transport megaprojec
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C. Gautrain Gautrain is a high spee
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Delivering the required supply chai
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TABLE 1: Ranking of sills requireme
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[16] Taylor, M. B., 2016. A strateg
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divested fifty-nine percent of its
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Information Technology Project Fail
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Factors of IT project failure One o
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TFIDF w, a = TF w, a * IDF w (1) ID
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A Big Data Processing of Anxiety an
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Anxiety Index is defined as the rat
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serious problems due to pet fires,
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Deployment of Japanese Companies to
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stable politics and society situati
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APEC 61 437 615 21 634 2.8 World 11
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esults in higher levels of adaptati
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Web 2.0 tools for Virtual Reference
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Yes % 12.5% 14.8% 31.5% 33.2% 60.5%
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(Brundage, 2015), reminding one of
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CONCLUSION The review fostered a br
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significant causes of information o
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Circulation Type Farm Waste Managem
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IV. FUTURE CHALLENGES AND ANTIMICRO
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webpages, the Scopus database, Webo
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Supply Chain Materials Flow and the
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more speed, greatly exceeding the p
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To identify the external and intern
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Equality platforms. Also equity ref
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The Strategic Process in Large Ecua
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Page 251 and 252: DISCUSSION Managerial implications
Page 253 and 254: emain in the organization as they m
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Page 267: Saharan African countries [8]. It i
Page 271 and 272: ecause they focus on managing the r
Page 273 and 274: II. LITERATURE REVIEW The role of l
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Page 281 and 282: the supply chain. Second, suppliers
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Page 285 and 286: Limitations of the Theory of Planne
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