Pan-Pacific Conference XXXIV. Designing New Business Models in Developing Economies

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Does Team Altruism Enhance PsyCap? Van Wyk, Rene University of Johannesburg Rene Van Wyk, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, +27 11 559 2119 rvanwyk@uj.ac.za ABSTRACT The potential enhancement of psychological capital (PsyCap) is an advantage in business development. More clarity is needed to determine if team altruism may play a role in this regard. This quantitative prediction of PsyCap is determined by Structural Equation Modelling with team altruism as independent variable. The significant positive prediction of PsyCap is a strong indication to management that PsyCap is a phenomenon that can be developed by nurturing additional variables, such as team altruism. INTRODUCTION Business is becoming more aware of the possible advantages of applying positive organizational behavior in practice [1] as initiated by Luthans [2] through the concept of Positive Organizational Behavior (POB). POB is seen as ‘the study and application of positively orientated human resource strengths and psychological capabilities that can be measured, developed and effectively managed for performance improvement in today’s workplace’ (p.59) [3]. In support of capitalizing on human strengths, altruistic team behavior and the different skills that team members have, could add value to organizational performance [4]. Team altruism is the voluntary, interdependent and self-sacrificial contribution of team members towards functional teamwork [5]. A warning is that team altruism has to be seen in balance, as excessive team altruism could lead to burnout. Though performance of teams is significantly positively associated with PsyCap (r = .28; p < .01) [6] and altruism is aligned with an increase in knowledge [7] as well as healthy contractual relationships [8], it is not clear to what extent team altruism could contribute to the functioning of PsyCap. PsyCap, coined by Luthans, et al [9] is practically implied by the four characteristics of hope, efficacy, resilience and optimism. The hope of paths to goal setting, self-efficacy in the confidence in success, resilience to persevere and optimistic attributions of the future explains the functioning of PsyCap [10]. PsyCap is regarded as a state-like construct, implying that behavior can be changed and developed [11]. This is an indication that team altruism could play a role in the molding PsyCap, to the potential advantage of the organization. METHOD This exploratory quantitative study, consisted of a target sample of 598 individuals, 55,8% male and 43.6% female (.7% missing), across many industries and job levels. The age of the participants varied between 18 and 64 years, mainly black Africans (68.2%), who were married, 50.4% or single 43.7%, working between 8 months and 40 years. The sample is represented by mainly general workers (29.8%), junior managers (21.6%), and mid managers (19.1%). Participants were asked to participate voluntary and contacted by email and through the distribution of hard copies. Confidentiality was assured as well as the right to withdraw at any time. SPSS was used to validate the instruments and to determine the prediction. Confirmatory Factor Analysis was done on the original four factors of both the team altruism and PsyCap scales. Items were deleted that crossloaded with a difference less than .40. The 24-item PsyCap instrument [11] resulted in three factors: selfefficacy, resilience and optimism. Cross and low loadings lead to the removal of hope and the reverse score items of resilience. The Cronbach’s Alpha of the four scales were respectively .90, .80 and .75. The Van Wyk [12] Team Altruism Instrument, measured on a 5-point, 20-item Likert-type scale, resulted in three factors (Chronbach’s Alpha in brackets): team goals (.93), collegiality (.94), and after hours support (.93). Cross-loadings lead to the removal of the problem solving factor. The totals of team altruism and PsyCap were used to determine the prediction. RESULTS Confirmatory Factor Analysis was done on the subscales of both the team altruism and PsyCap scales. In both the scales, only three of the four original factors loaded sufficiently. The indices if the Confirmatory Factor Analyses are reported in Table 1. Where Mardia’s Coefficient did not fall within parameters, Robust Maximum Likelihood indices are reported. Only the resilience scale fell within Mardia’s Coefficient parameters, in which case the Maximum Likelihood indices are reported. Problem statementIt is not clear to what degree team altruism plays a role in the functioning of PsyCap. 70
Table 1. Confirmatory Factor Analyses of the team altruism and PsyCap sub-scales Model Mardia’s coefficient Y-BX 2 (df) Comparative fit index (CFI) SRMR RMSEA RMSEA 90% CI Team goals 82.9392 116.702 (20) .969 .034 .090 .074 : .106 Collegiality 60.4002 .495 (2) 1.000 .005 .000 .000 : .053 After-hours support No CFA only 3 items Self-efficacy 63.2602 64.768 (14) .952 .040 .078 .059 : .097 Optimism 32.6328 .914 (2) .957 .041 .059 .039 : .079 Resilience 29.2457 3.104 (2) .991 .019 .066 .000 : 0.092 Team altruism 122.3657 282.685 (87) .961 .053 .061 .053 : .069 Total PsyCap Total 92.2358 226.532 (87) .939 .054 .052 .044 : .060 The indices of Table 1 shows a good fit with the data, with the exception of collegiality showing an over fit [13]. The indices shows a good CFI fit, above .90. Standardised RMR and RMSEA a reasonable to good fit with values lower than .08 and approaching .05 respectively. The Structural Equation Model of the prediction PsyCap is represented in Figure 1. Team goals Selfefficacy Collegiality Team Altruism Total .49 PsyCap Total Optimism Afterhours support Resilience Figure 1. Prediction of PsyCap total with team altruism total as independent variable. Figure 1 indicates that a 49% regression of team altruism on PsyCap. The significance of the fit of this prediction is supported by the CFA reported in Table 2. Table 2. CFA of Team Altruism Total regression on PsyCap Total (6 Iterations) Bentler-Bonett normed fit index .902 Bentler-Bonett non-normed fit index .940 Comparative fit index (CFI) .945 Bollen's(IFI) fit index .945 Root Mean-Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) 90% confidence .044 (.039 : .048) Scaled Chi-Square (Yuan-Bentler) 848.007 (398 df; p = 0.000) Table 2 indicates a good fit with the data, with incremental fit indices above .90, and absolute fit measures within parameters and < 0.05. 71
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PAN-PACIFIC CONFERENCE XXXIV Design
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2017 PAN-PACIFIC PROGRAM COMMITTEE
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The Pan-Pacific Business Associatio
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TUESDAY, MAY 30, 2017 13:30 - 15:00
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WEDNESDAY, MAY 31, 2017 13:30 - 15:
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The Adverse Effect of Psychological
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Sake Branding Strategy: Securing Ne
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The Failure of Transport Megaprojec
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WP12 International Finance Alpamayo
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INDEX Anderson, John WA12 Iluz, Mic
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xx
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Women Entrepreneurs and Family Firm
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catering for the local market. In o
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three groups with performance´ dif
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Cross-Disciplinary Education: Not B
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Attitudes Towards Servant Leadershi
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[6] Liden, R.C., Wayne, S.J., Zhao,
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(SD = 7.77), and work experience 12
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A representative emotion inventory
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emergence of a paradigm. In I. J. G
Page 45 and 46: OBJECTIVE The primary objective of
Page 47 and 48: Threshold effects of psychological
Page 49 and 50: eported in Table 4. Partial F-tests
Page 51 and 52: The adverse effect of psychological
Page 53 and 54: pp. 283-289, 2011. [6] T. Vantilbor
Page 55 and 56: the scales are reported in brackets
Page 57 and 58: The Key Characteristics of Necessit
Page 59 and 60: At a glance, there appears to be so
Page 61 and 62: Job Calling, Work Identity and Job
Page 63 and 64: jobs to achieve set milestones that
Page 65 and 66: competency model is well founded on
Page 67 and 68: I-deal, I-craft, I-perform: A theor
Page 69 and 70: changes that affects their roles (G
Page 71 and 72: mechanisms.There were three overarc
Page 73 and 74: Table 1. Efficiency Results. DMU DE
Page 75 and 76: Not by Bread Alone: Estimating Futu
Page 77 and 78: squeeze more potatoes for direct hu
Page 79 and 80: well explains glocal with a holisti
Page 81 and 82: motor-vehicle industry in the Johan
Page 83 and 84: The Collaboration with Infrastructu
Page 85 and 86: Table1.Koshino Shu Kura (Jyoetsumyo
Page 87 and 88: product: its focus is on the needs
Page 89 and 90: The Rise of Populism in the West an
Page 91 and 92: It is important to note that althou
Page 93 and 94: 1.3 1.2 1.1 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 Commu
Page 95: 0.85 customs, the reduction in time
Page 99 and 100: Uncovering the Beauty of the Capita
Page 101 and 102: the largest number of research stud
Page 103 and 104: An Exploratory Study regarding Mode
Page 105 and 106: According to the results of hierarc
Page 107 and 108: Standard Sake has been circulated b
Page 109 and 110: Can Ethics Be Used as a Tool of Inf
Page 111 and 112: 85
Page 113 and 114: Defensive reactions as potential re
Page 115 and 116: Data gathering methods Data (in thi
Page 117 and 118: utility by comparing with the exist
Page 119 and 120: Virginia Tech - most calculations f
Page 121 and 122: Aggression and bullying attributes
Page 123 and 124: implications for both the individua
Page 125 and 126: The Role of Factory Facilities on S
Page 127 and 128: [44]. The following hypotheses are
Page 129 and 130: Delhi’s garment sector. In Toward
Page 131 and 132: A Manager’s personal value system
Page 133 and 134: commenting that good staff would le
Page 135 and 136: Law, Ethics and Business -How compa
Page 137 and 138: But to accept as quote, not reprodu
Page 139 and 140: integrity. In identifying the posit
Page 141 and 142: Consumer Awareness of Supply Chain
Page 143 and 144: Applications of Supplier Governance
Page 145 and 146: oth relational governance mechanism
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changing environment will disrupt g
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The Seven Efforts of Toyooka City:
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Study Related to Factors causing Fo
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- More people tend to choose privat
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students wishing to go to Italy. Ho
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investigating a multitude of design
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The failure of transport megaprojec
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C. Gautrain Gautrain is a high spee
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Delivering the required supply chai
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TABLE 1: Ranking of sills requireme
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[16] Taylor, M. B., 2016. A strateg
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divested fifty-nine percent of its
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Information Technology Project Fail
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Factors of IT project failure One o
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TFIDF w, a = TF w, a * IDF w (1) ID
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A Big Data Processing of Anxiety an
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Anxiety Index is defined as the rat
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serious problems due to pet fires,
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Deployment of Japanese Companies to
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stable politics and society situati
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APEC 61 437 615 21 634 2.8 World 11
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esults in higher levels of adaptati
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Web 2.0 tools for Virtual Reference
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Yes % 12.5% 14.8% 31.5% 33.2% 60.5%
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(Brundage, 2015), reminding one of
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CONCLUSION The review fostered a br
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significant causes of information o
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Circulation Type Farm Waste Managem
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IV. FUTURE CHALLENGES AND ANTIMICRO
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webpages, the Scopus database, Webo
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Supply Chain Materials Flow and the
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more speed, greatly exceeding the p
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To identify the external and intern
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Equality platforms. Also equity ref
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The Strategic Process in Large Ecua
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CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION The resul
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12/10 12/11 12/12 13/01 13/02 13/03
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Business and Social Initiatives in
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case No. SKS-069. Boston: Harvard B
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Purchase intention Purchase intenti
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Signing the Annual Report of the Sw
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waste. A person without any powers
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2. DEVELOPMENT OF HYPOTHESIS Existi
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Perceptions of financial institutio
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Table1: Perceptions in business eti
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Roles of Regional Absorptive Capaci
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theoretically and intuitively sound
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still intriguing, (Carrington, 2013
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The effectiveness of strategic mana
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improved planning and a reduction i
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elatively stable collection of soci
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Measuring human capital disclosure
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DISCUSSION Managerial implications
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emain in the organization as they m
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Mega transport and logistics infras
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B.‘The Boston Big Dig’ - U.S.A.
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1 if St k ( k 1,2) Skt 0 otherwi
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India’s Technology Initiatives: I
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engine, sanitation, health and work
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Enterprise Finance, Agency), Develo
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Saharan African countries [8]. It i
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Systemic exclusion - barrier to eff
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ecause they focus on managing the r
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II. LITERATURE REVIEW The role of l
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60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Graph 3: Locati
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[25] Blok, M.M., Groenesteijn, L.,
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conducted in ways that diminishes t
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the supply chain. Second, suppliers
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In addition, firms’ responses to
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Limitations of the Theory of Planne
Page 287:
[6] Barney, J. Firm resources and s
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Pan-Pacific Conference XXXIV. Designing New Business Models in Developing Economies

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