Pan-Pacific Conference XXXIV. Designing New Business Models in Developing Economies

well explains glocal with a holistic positive vision
despite difficulty entailed in the process of filling a
gap between different cultural and social conditions
in the world. Later, Tatsuya Kobayashi published
Dochakuka heno Chosen in 1983, which is about
challenges in technology transfers. Hence there are
concepts of glocal generated in the 1970s in the field
of international management.
CONCLUSION
Robertson points out that globalizing seems
oppositional to locality, but there are examples where
local is included in global.6 For instance, even
Hollywood movies has to be modified for global
markets. Above all, we should not underestimate the
cultural strength of local; recently, the Japanese film
industry is booming and competing against foreign
movies. Local is the place where things actually
happen. It is also true that local contextualizes global
social and cultural phenomena. Even though
Robertson thinks glocalization is the refined version
of globalization in respect of its space specificity, we
are uncertain which words will attain more currency
in the 21st century. What is certain is that since
“glocal” appeared in the Oxford Dictionary of New
Words in 1991, over two decades have passed,
whereas the Japanese word dochakuka has been in
use at least since 1935. The origin of the term
dochakuka remain the same – change and alter things
as if they were born and live in the same land. This is
an unnatural and dynamic process because one
remains a foreigner if one was born in another place
unless the one lives in a cosmopolitan city. Local is
as diverse as the numbers of persons; glocal could be
best characterized by analyzing and interpreting each
case on local soil and among individuals who interact
each other.
SELECTED REFERENCES
[1] Featherstone, Michael. et al eds. Global
Modernities, London: Sage, 1996.
[2] Murayama, Motofusa. Keieikaigaiitenron:
Dochaku-gata Kindaika Riron, Tokyo:
Soseisha, 1979.
[3] Nederveen Pieterse, Jan. Globalization and
Culture, Maryland: Rowman and
Littlefield, 2004
[4] Robertson, Roland. “Globalisation or
glocalisation?” The Journal of International
Communication. Vol.18, No.2 (2012): 191-
208.
[5] Robertson, Roland. Globalization: Social
Theory and Global Culture. London: Sage,
1992.
[6] Roudometof, Victor. “The Glocal and
Global Studies” Globalization. Vol.12,
No.5 (2015): 774-787.
6 Robertson, “Globalisation or glocalisation?” 200.
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