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9 multiple admissions 8 Tape1 Tape2 Tape3 7 conf 6 5 4 3 2 Manipulation 1 Appeal 0 Soft Challenge -1 -2 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Minutes Figure 4.3. Incest case
96 A Psychology of Interrogations and Confessions The main approach adopted by the officers was to emphasize, in some detail and quite persistently, the legitimate evidence provided by the victim. It is true to say, however, that a more coherent structure was introduced to the interview process following an intervention from the suspect’s solicitor, who recommended the officers ‘ . . . put specific allegations to him from now on so that he can address his mind to them.’ Such allegations included: Can you remember saying that you wouldn’t hurt her and that it would be all right? Can you remember reassuring her? [she] goes into quite some detail don’t she about all the things that she can remember? I can also remember one afternoon it must have been a weekend because I know it wasn’t a school day, I was up in the bedroom tidying up and putting my clean clothes away, my dad came into the bedroom and said I got a surprise for you . . . The officers referred to statements made by witnesses and, where necessary, read out a verbatim account, often timed to refute the denials of the suspect. It was noticeable also that this was an excellent example of the use of ‘projection’ by the suspect, who coped with the increasing amount of evidence by apportioning blame on the victim. For example, . . . she come out of the toilet stark naked...andshesaid it’s alright she said, I’ve seen you and she forced me hand on to her, down there and I pulled away... . . . she was more or less asking me to touch her, do something. What happened. I’m not mistaken I think she said one day she was asking how they get babies and I said well I said a man got to make something and its got to go inside her—... In this case the tactics were allowed in evidence and a jury at the conclusion of a contested hearing found the defendant guilty. THE HERON MURDER CASE Moving on to the Heron case, as it lasted almost eight hours it was possible to conduct a separate factor analysis. The case involved the murder of a sevenyear-old girl in October 1992. Heron, who was 23 years of age at the time and had no previous convictions, became a suspect after resembling a person seen in the vicinity of a public house where the victim was last seen. Heron was first interviewed as a witness and was subsequently arrested and subjected to lengthy custodial interrogation. He had a legal adviser present during all interviews as a suspect. The resultant factors share a number of similarities with the combined group, discussed above, except that the Heron factors are all intrinsically ‘overbearing’ in nature. One reason may be that the legal judgment highlighted the
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The Psychology of Interrogations an
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The Psychology of Interrogations an
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þora Hannesdottir (b. 2.6.1918, d.
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viii Contents General Conclusions 7
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x Contents External Evaluation of t
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xii Contents Henry Lee Lucas 554 Jo
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Series Preface The Wiley Series in
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Preface The Psychology of Interroga
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Acknowledgements I am grateful to P
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2 A Psychology of Interrogations an
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4 A Psychology of Interrogations an
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CHAPTER 1 Interrogation Tactics and
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Interrogation Tactics and Technique
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Interrogation in Britain 39 from an
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Interrogation in Britain 41 for exc
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Interrogation in Britain 43 SOFTLEY
Page 66 and 67: Interrogation in Britain 45 note ta
Page 68 and 69: Interrogation in Britain 47 The wor
Page 70 and 71: Interrogation in Britain 49 real st
Page 72 and 73: Interrogation in Britain 51 BRITISH
Page 74 and 75: Interrogation in Britain 53 (R. v.
Page 76 and 77: Interrogation in Britain 55 influen
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Page 80 and 81: Persons at Risk During Interviews i
Page 96 and 97: CHAPTER 4 The Identification and Me
Page 98 and 99: The Identification and Measurement
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Page 138 and 139: Why do Suspects Confess? Theories 1
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Why do Suspects Confess? Empirical
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Miscarriages of Justice and False C
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CHAPTER 8 The Psychology of False C
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The Psychology of False Confession:
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They state: The Psychology of False
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CHAPTER 9 The Psychology of False C
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CHAPTER 10 The English Law on Confe
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The English Law on Confessions 249
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CHAPTER 11 The American Law on Conf
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The American Law on Confessions 285
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The Psychological Assessment 309 TH
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The Psychological Assessment 311 ps
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The Psychological Assessment 313 an
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The Psychological Assessment 315 im
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The Psychological Assessment 317 Ta
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The Psychological Assessment 319 Ro
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The Psychological Assessment 321 as
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The Psychological Assessment 323 ad
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The Psychological Assessment 325 in
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The Psychological Assessment 327 Sc
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The Psychological Assessment 329 Th
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The Psychological Assessment 331 as
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Suggestibility: Historical and Theo
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Suggestibility: Empirical Findings
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CHAPTER 15 The Effects of Drugs and
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The Effects of Drugs and Alcohol up
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Score 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 The E
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CHAPTER 16 The Court of Appeal In E
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Table 16.1. Some leading British co
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The Court of Appeal 441 individuals
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The Court of Appeal 443 experience
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CHAPTER 17 The ‘Guildford Four’
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The ‘Guildford Four’ and the
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Psychological Vulnerability 459 Bac
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Psychological Vulnerability 461 In
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Psychological Vulnerability 463 to
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Psychological Vulnerability 465 the
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Psychological Vulnerability 467 How
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Psychological Vulnerability 469 hav
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Psychological Vulnerability 471 Pri
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Psychological Vulnerability 473 due
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Psychological Vulnerability 475 mar
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Psychological Vulnerability 477 he
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Psychological Vulnerability 479 Com
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Psychological Vulnerability 481 and
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Psychological Vulnerability 483 Acc
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Psychological Vulnerability 485 pro
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Psychological Vulnerability 487 to
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Psychological Formulation Psycholog
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Psychological Vulnerability 491 (I
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Psychological Vulnerability 493 pro
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Psychological Vulnerability 495 wou
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Psychological Vulnerability 497 fro
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Psychological Vulnerability 499 Com
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Psychological Vulnerability 501 Gor
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Psychological Vulnerability 503 nor
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Psychological Vulnerability 505 com
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Psychological Vulnerability 507 Fel
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Psychological Vulnerability 509 int
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Psychological Vulnerability 511 The
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Psychological Vulnerability 513 did
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Police Impropriety 515 STEPHEN MILL
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Police Impropriety 517 It is fair t
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Police Impropriety 519 THE CARL BRI
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Police Impropriety 521 mental capac
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CHAPTER 20 Misleading Special Knowl
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Misleading Special Knowledge 525 to
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Misleading Special Knowledge 527 Th
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Misleading Special Knowledge 529
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Misleading Special Knowledge 531 th
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Misleading Special Knowledge 533 wa
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Misleading Special Knowledge 535 ex
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Misleading Special Knowledge 537 CO
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CHAPTER 21 Four High Profile Americ
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Four High Profile American Cases 54
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4 December Four High Profile Americ
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CHAPTER 22 Canadian and Israeli Cas
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Canadian and Israeli Cases 575 fema
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Canadian and Israeli Cases 577 pers
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Canadian and Israeli Cases 579 also
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Canadian and Israeli Cases 581 the
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Canadian and Israeli Cases 583 revi
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Canadian and Israeli Cases 585 had
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Canadian and Israeli Cases 587 Thes
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Canadian and Israeli Cases 589 and
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Murder in Norway 591 centre and the
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Murder in Norway 593 informing the
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Murder in Norway 595 (MMPI; Hathawa
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Murder in Norway 597 to testify. Th
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Murder in Norway 599 were highly el
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Murder in Norway 601 not want to
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Murder in Norway 603 Officer E told
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Murder in Norway 605 being a crimin
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Murder in Norway 607 Mr A that were
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Murder in Norway 609 interviewed by
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Murder in Norway 611 (approximately
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Murder in Norway 613 False Belief V
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Conclusions GENERAL COMMENTS AND CO
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Conclusions 617 Outside England and
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Conclusions 619 � Regular use of
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Conclusions 621 The focus in this b
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Conclusions 623 interviews were gen
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Conclusions 625 The reasons why peo
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Conclusions 627 Only one study has
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A Psychology of Interrogations and
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References Abed, R.T. (1995). Volun
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References 633 Billings, A.G. & Moo
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References 635 Cardone, D. & Dent,
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References 637 Craft, M. (1984). Lo
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References 639 Farber, I.E., Harlow
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References 641 Grisso, T. (1998a).
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References 643 Gudjonsson, G.H. (19
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References 645 Gudjonsson, G.H. & S
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References 647 Hunter, E. (1951). B
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References 649 Konoske, P., Staple,
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References 651 Matarazzo, J.D. (197
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References 653 Moston, S. & Stephen
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References 655 Pope, K.S. & Brown,
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References 657 Santtila, P., Ekholm
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References 659 Stark, M. (1994). Ma
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References 661 Walker, C. (1999c).
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Abed, R.T., 197 Abramson, L.Y., 343
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Dent, H., 318, 325, 410 Dession, G.
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Isaacs, B.J., 318 Izard, C.E., 427
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Pear, T.H., 345 Pearse J., 22, 27,
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Wallington, S.A., 375, 376 Walsh, D
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Armstrong, Paddy, 446, 447, 448, 44
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discrepancy detection, 200, 335, 35
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Hall, Darren, 442, 443, 495-9 Hall,
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McKinnon, Gil, QC 579 McNamara, His
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property offenders, confession and,
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sleep deprivation, 31, 389-90 rapid
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