Interrogations-and-Confessions-Handbook

discrepancy detection, 200, 335, 354–5,
359, 410
disputed confession, 178
disputes, 84
dissociation, suggestibility and, 390–1
Dissociation Experiences Scale (DES),
390, 391, 427
dissociative phenomena, 339
dissonance, theory of, 192
distress, 84
dominance, 47
dominant interrogation style, 47
Donaldson, Ian, QC, 579–80
downgrading, 46
Downing, Stephen, 438, 439
Drob, Dr Sanford, 303
drugs, reliability of testimony and, 415–33
differential effects on interrogative
suggestibility, 425–6
drug withdrawal, 40
effects of intoxication and withdrawal,
421–8
extent of the problem, 416–18
theoretical perspectives, 418–21
see also alcohol
Due Process Voluntariness Test, 284–5
after Miranda, 287–8
duration of interview, 68
eagerness to please, 239–40
echoing, 81
ecstasy, 418, 420, 426
ego, 123
electrostatic detection apparatus (ESDA),
442, 467, 514, 532
emasculation, 30
Embedded Figures Test, 399
emotional events, confession and, 126–7
emotional offenders, 13, 14–15
English Law on Confessions
admissibility of expert evidence, 275–80
adverse influences, 272–5
appropriate adults, 260–5
confession evidence, admissibility and
reliability, 248–58
fitness for interview, 265–6
psychological (mental) vulnerability,
259–60
truthfulness of the confession, 256–8
voire dire, 250, 256, 258–9
vulnerable defendants, 259–75
environment
interrogation, 26
physical, of interrogation, 30–1
stress and, 26–7
Subject Index 675
ethnic background
confession and, 143
suggestibility and, 380
Evans, Andrew, 198, 442, 443, 444, 482–92
Evans, Geraldine, 167
Evans, Justice, 258
Evans, Timothy, 161, 167–70
Evans, Mrs Timothy, 167–8
evidence
confession, admissibility and reliability,
248–58
strategy, 45
strength of, confession and, 150–1
Ewing, Dr Charles, 545, 548, 549, 550
expectancy, 119
expectation of success, 350, 353, 355
experimental approach to interrogative
suggestibility, 334–5, 353
experimenter effect, suggestibility and,
392–4
expert testimony, 440–1, 618
potential abuse of, 329–30
external pressure, confession and, 152–3,
157, 622
eyewitness testimony, suggestibility and,
410–11
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire
(EPQ), 154, 155, 372, 374, 386,
394–5, 408
EPQ-R, 432
factor analysis, 86
false belief, 201, 233–4
false confession, 9, 37
broader context, 186–92
case examples, 217–43
causes of, 193–7
coerced–compliant types, 194, 195–6,
198–9
coerced–internalized types, 194, 196–7,
198, 199–200
critique of Kassin–Wrightsman model,
201–3, 211
definitions, 174
discovery of, 180–2
due to coercion, 34
frequency, 174–8
by a heroin addict, 430–2
innocent pleading guilty, 184–5
pressured–compliant false confession,
224–33
absence of mental disorder, 224–7
admitting to death in self-defence,
231–3
learning disability, 227–30, 230–1