Interrogations-and-Confessions-Handbook

216 A Psychology of Interrogations and Confessions
particularly in relation to voluntary confessions. I have provided a detailed
critique of the Ofshe–Leo model and propose a slightly refined version of the
Kassin–Wrightsman original model. I recommend two changes. First, the term
coerced should be substituted by the term pressured. This overcomes problems
related to legal definitions and applications of the term coercion, which are
not necessarily consistently used within or across countries. Secondly, as recommended
by Kassin (1998), I propose a bivariate classification system that
distinguishes between the three types of false confession (i.e. voluntary, compliant
and internalized) and categorizes the source of pressure (i.e. internal,
custodial and non-custodial).