Smithsonian at the Poles: Contributions to International Polar

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FIGURE 7. Whale plaque/seat for umiaq, Wales, purchased 1958. NMAI 226908.000. 42.5 cm wide. A carved whale seat/platform belongs to the umialik. Toovak said, “Uvvakii ag˙ viqsiuqtinmakua umiag˙ iratih piqpagipiag˙ atag˙ uugait qutchiksuag˙ isuugait. Tavra tainna umialguruam marra sug˙ auttahi. “ (“And so it is whalers really do have respect for their boats and have high regard. These are a boat captain’s items.”) Brower said that the im- THE ART OF IÑUPIAQ WHALING 107 age of the whale is present in the boat as part of the ritual of whaling, and that its use is part of Iñupiaq sacred beliefs. 8 The practice continues, as he noted in an earlier discussion. “Some whale boats still have an ivory effi gy of the whale, tied on to the boat. Or they have an effi gy of the whale under the seat of the steersman in the rear of the boat.” 9 IVORY WHALING CHARMS (QAAGLIÑIQ, “CHARM,” OR AANG˙UAQ, “AMULET”) Murdoch collected 21 whale fi gures made of walrus ivory, wood, and soapstone that he identifi ed as possible whaling charms, to be carried on the umiaq (Murdoch, 1892: 402– 405). Among these are three small carvings (3– 4” long) made of darkly stained walrus ivory (Figure 8). The two smaller whales are a matched male– female pair (the far left and far right fi gures, respectively) and the larger fi gure in the center is another female, as identifi ed by depictions of the external sex organs. Brower called this type of fi gure a qaagliñiq, 10 meaning a “charm” that could attract animals but not compel them; it has the “power of bringing.” This he contrasted with more potent fi gures called tuung˙aq (shaman’s helping spirit), which were employed by shamans to control the animal’s spirit and which have “the power of killing.” 11 He and other elders used the term aang˙ uaq (amulet) more ambiguously, as a synonym for both of the above. FIGURE 8. Ivory whaling charms, Barrow, 1881– 1883, Murdoch– Ray collection. Left to right: NMNH E089324, E089325, E089323. Largest 15 cm long.
108 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / CROWELL SOAPSTONE FIGURE OF WHALE (AANG˙UAQ, “AMULET,” OR TUUNG˙AQ, “SHAMAN’S HELPING SPIRIT”) Another whale image, about 5” long, collected by Murdoch (Figure 9) appears to have been carved from the bottom of an old soapstone pot (Murdoch, 1892:404). In the discussion among elders, this fi gure was called both aang˙uaq (amulet) and tuung˙aq (shaman’s helping spirit). Observing what appeared to be blood that had been rubbed on the image, Brower suggested that, “Something like this could probably be carried by the shaman, and he would add blood from the whale. And so he carries with him the life force of the whale.” Comparing this object with the ivory whaling charms (above), he said, “One has more of a life force than the other. One has more strength, depending on the strength of the shaman. This one— it was used as an amulet and ensured that the whale would be caught.” 12 Returning later to the topic of shamanism, Brower said, Kenneth [Toovak] and I were talking earlier. When I was describing those things that were used by shamans, we are reminded by our elders that that kind of life has passed. It is over. And it’s something that we did not inherit, because the life has changed. The traditional lifestyle— before Christianity set in— is gone. And FIGURE 9. Stone whaling amulet, Barrow, 1881– 1883, Murdoch– Ray collection. NMNH E089557. 15 cm long. so are the powers associated with that. Because today our people have accepted a new faith and live a different lifestyle, which does not require the old way of life in order to be successful. 13 HEADBAND (NIAQUG˙UN) A headband acquired at Barrow by H. Richmond Marsh in 1901 is made of bleached skin, animal teeth (caribou or Dall sheep incisors), red beads, and sinew thread (Figure 10). Murdoch reported that headbands made of Dall (mountain) sheepskin with dangling stone fi gures of whales were “the badge of a whaleman,” worn by the umialik and harpooner for spring preparatory rites and during the hunt itself (Murdoch, 1892: 142). Some of these headbands were also decorated with mountain sheep teeth. Also at Barrow, John Simpson observed that headbands made of caribou skin and hung with caribou teeth were worn “only when engaged in whaling” (Simpson, 1875: 243). Murdoch was not able to acquire an example during the Point Barrow expedition because these articles were highly prized and rarely offered for sale. Barrow elders were not familiar with this type of headband, which is no longer worn. They suggested that it might be a woman’s ornament worn during a traditional ceremony to mark the autumn equinox “when two stars appear” (aagruuk)— also referred to as the Iñupiaq New Year— or else during the Messenger Feast. 14 BUCKET FOR GIVING DRINK TO WHALE (IMIQAG˙VIK) AND BUCKET HANDLE (IPU) Elders identifi ed a wooden bucket from Wales (Figure 11) in the NMAI collection as one that may have been used by a whaling captain’s wife to provide fresh water to a newly caught whale. Pails for this purpose were also made of baleen. Toovak and Brower identifi ed the bucket’s various attachments. The ivory carvings on the rim (each is a qiñiyunaqsaun, “ornament”) represent polar bear heads and a whale. Several “hunter’s items” hang on a leather cord: a polar bear tooth, a walrus tooth, part of a harpoon head, ivory weights for a bolas to hunt birds, and an ivory plug for a sealskin fl oat. Two more fl oat plugs (puvuixutahit) are tied to the handle. Brower suggested that all of these ornaments are symbols of success in both hunting and political leadership. “Communities respect the headman. That is indicated by making him gifts of this nature (indicates bucket), especially if he’s a very successful hunter.” 15
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Smithsonian at the Poles Contributi
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Contents FOREWORD by Ira Rubinoff i
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Elaina Jorgensen, Alaska Fisheries
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CONTENTS vii Watching Star Birth fr
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x SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES blooms i
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xii SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES Change
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xiv SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES Museum
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Advancing Polar Research and Commun
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James P. Espy (1785- 1860), the fi
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ology fueled hopes that the scienti
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Meteorologists also provided critic
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visualize weather patterns remotely
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in ice sheets. The latest collapse
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Cooperation at the Poles? Placing t
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British Association for the Advance
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cations, in which the Smithsonian s
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ence” (Robinson, 2006: 76), he ha
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Taylor, C. J. 1981. First Internati
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24 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KORSM
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36 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / De VO
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From Ballooning in the Arctic to 10
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ern Svalbard in 1896 (Capelotti, 19
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FIGURE 2. The Andrée campsite in 1
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National Zoo in Washington, D.C.—
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Page 76 and 77: e rapidly deployed to South America
Page 78 and 79: “Of No Ordinary Importance”: Re
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Page 82 and 83: group. More importantly, Murdoch’
Page 84 and 85: gan to study the question of Indian
Page 86 and 87: small museums and culture centers i
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Page 90 and 91: fi rst time in polar research— di
Page 92 and 93: Boas, Franz. 1888a. “The Central
Page 94: Lindsay, Debra. 1993. Science in th
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Page 132 and 133: From Tent to Trading Post and Back
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Page 136 and 137: The Smithsonian Institution’s pre
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Page 140 and 141: FIGURE 8. A drawing of the so-calle
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Page 144: the Past: Archaeologists, Native Am
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158 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / PARK
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Brooding and Species Diversity in t
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iefl y consider below some of the i
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ment. Consequently, the selective e
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ated from the Antarctic. Strong cur
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the four main genera of brooding sc
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ing such cryptic speciation suggest
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LITERATURE CITED Absher, T. M., G.
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Madon-Senez, C. 1998. Disparité Mo
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Persistent Elevated Abundance of Oc
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ABUNDANCE OF ANTARCTIC OCTOPODS 199
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206 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / WINS
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Considerations of Anatomy, Morpholo
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Many theories have been hypothesize
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FIGURE 4. A three dimensional recon
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are wider and more bulbous in the a
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mimicked the shape and profi le of
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faces for SEM observation. The spec
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DISCUSSION Imaging and dissection o
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out its length. The pulp chamber al
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pulpal neurons and dentin tubules.
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Scientifi c Diving Under Ice: A 40-
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TABLE 2. Principal Investigators an
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attaching ice anchors to the chunks
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dumping of weight under water. The
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MARINE LIFE HAZARDS Few polar anima
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Urine should be copious and clear a
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Environmental and Molecular Mechani
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face (�1.8°C) are likely to pose
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FIGURE 2. Illustrated selection shi
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FIGURE 4. Distribution of respirati
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invertebrates were placed in the ba
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Meehan, R. R., D. S. Dunican, A. Ru
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266 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KOOY
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272 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / DUNT
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286 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / QUET
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300 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / NEAL
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310 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / SMIT
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320 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KIEB
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Capital Expenditure and Income (For
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tal breeding systems (Boyd, 1998; T
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FIGURE 3. Pup mass gain in relation
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MONITORING FOOD CONSUMPTION DURING
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primary productivity in McMurdo Sou
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Non-steady-State Systems. Journal o
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Latitudinal Patterns of Biological
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and perhaps others, may have invade
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colonizing the Arctic Ocean under c
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due in part to the great distances
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and (2) human-mediated responses to
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Lewis, P. N., M. Riddle, and C. L.
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Cosmology from Antarctica Robert W.
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There they found better observing c
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TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS AT THE S
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Gaier, T., J. Schuster, and P. Lubi
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J. M. Kovac, C. L. Kuo, A. E. Lange
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370 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / MART
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372 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / MART
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374 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / WALK
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Watching Star Birth from the Antarc
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STAR BIRTH FROM THE ANTARCTIC PLATE
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is constructing and deploying the P
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Antarctic Meteorites: Exploring the
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at the Field Museum, and pieces wer
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the description and curation of Ant
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led these committees throughout the
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Index AAUS. See American Academy of
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temperature, 350-355 tourism, 354 B
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Fishing. See also Biological invasi
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McMurdo Station, xiv, 265-267, 393
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Rogick, Mary, 206 Ronne, Finn, 55 R
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U.S. Naval Support Force Antarctica
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