Smithsonian at the Poles: Contributions to International Polar

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off Uruguay (34º43�S, 49º28�W to 34º51�S, 49º44�W) in the southwestern Atlantic north of the Subtropical Convergence (Park, 1978). Paraeuchaeta parvula, like P. biloba, has also been collected both north and south of the Antarctic Convergence. Paraeuchaeta dactylifera has only been found in relatively small numbers and usually in the subantarctic region; two specimens captured well south of the Antarctic Convergence (Park, 1978) are exceptions. Two aetideid species, Aetideus australis and Pseudochirella mawsoni, can also be found both north and south of the Antarctic Convergence. Aetideus australis has been collected more often in waters north of the convergence than south. Pseudochirella mawsoni has been reported from numerous localities in the Southern Ocean and has been collected in large numbers in midwater trawls immediately north of convergence. Both species are presumed to be carnivores. Four very common scolecitrichid species are endemic to the Southern Ocean. Scolecithricella dentipes and Scaphocalanus farrani are found throughout the Antarctic and subantarctic regions, where they may be numerous in some samples. Scaphocalanus parantarcticus and Scolecithricella schizosoma are also distributed throughout the Southern Ocean and may be very common but are found in smaller numbers than the fi rst two. There are four species of the family Heterorhabdidae that are well-known endemics of the Southern Ocean: Heterorhabdus pustulifer, H. austrinus, Heterostylites nigrotinctus, and Paraheterorhabdus farrani. Paraheterorhabdus farrani is common and has been collected throughout the Southern Ocean; Heterorhabdus pustulifer and H. austrinus are also common, while Heterostylites nigrotinctus is rare. Among the remaining 4 of the 19 endemic species reported from both Antarctic and subantarctic regions, three rare species, Candacia maxima, Cephalophanes frigidus, and Metridia pseudoasymmetrica, and the common Pleuromamma antarctica are not often encountered in samples. However, there are enough records to suggest that these species are limited to the Southern Ocean. There are seven deepwater species that have been found only in the subantarctic region (Table 3). Six of them, Aetideopsis tumerosa, Bathycalanus eltaninae, B. unicornis, Bradycalanus enormis, B. infl atus, and B. pseudotypicus, are known from a few localities and only a few specimens; their distribution cannot be determined with certainty. Of these six species, the latter fi ve belong to the family Megacalanidae; Aetideopsis tumerosa is an aetideid. The seventh species, Candacia cheirura, has been collected often enough to be considered the only species of Candaciidae restricted to the subantarctic region. It is PELAGIC CALANOID COPEPODS OF THE SOUTHERN OCEAN 153 common and has been hypothesized to be restricted to mesopelagic waters of the West Wind Drift (Vervoort, 1957), also called the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, which is the dominant circulation feature of the Southern Ocean. In summary, among the 50 deepwater calanoid copepod species found exclusively in the Southern Ocean, six species occur close to the continent. Although these species have been captured in relatively small numbers, they may have been undersampled due to the diffi culty in collecting with a midwater trawl in deepwater close to the continent. Among these six species, the closely related Paraeuchaeta austrina, P. erebi, and P. tycodesma, all members of the antarctica species group, appear to be restricted to the same habitat. Of the 18 species found in open waters south of the Antarctic Convergence, four were originally described from one or two specimens collected in a single sample, have not been rediscovered, and remain poorly known. The remaining 14 species can be regarded as typical endemics of the Antarctic deep water. Except for two relatively rare species, they are common or very common in waters south of the Antarctic Convergence. Nineteen of the 50 Southern Ocean deepwater species are typical endemics of the region as a whole, and most of them have been collected from many localities throughout the Southern Ocean. Seven of these species have only been found in the subantarctic region. Their distributions are based on a small number of specimens and therefore are insuffi ciently known. Candacia cheirura is an exception; it is a common endemic of the subantarctic region. DEEPWATER CALANOIDS FROM ANTARCTIC WATERS REPORTED NORTH OF THE SUBTROPICAL CONVERGENCE A total of 127 deepwater species of pelagic calanoid copepods have been reported from the Southern Ocean south of the Antarctic Convergence. Twenty-four of those species are limited to this region (see the Deepwater Calanoids Restricted to the Southern Ocean section), and 19 species have been found northward, into the subantarctic region, with their distribution terminating at the Subtropical Convergence. Thus, 43 of these 127 deep water species collected south of the Antarctic Convergence are endemic to the Southern Ocean. The remaining 84 species have been reported beyond the Subtropical Convergence to varying degrees. Seven (8%) of these species have been collected in the south temperate region, adjacent to the Southern Ocean (Table 4), and fi ve (6%) species have been collected as far north as
154 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / PARK AND FERRARI TABLE 4. Abundances and locations of deepwater calanoid species collected south of the Antarctic Convergence that occur north of the Subtropical Convergence. 1, south temperate; 2, tropical; 3, north temperate; 4, subarctic; 5, Arctic basin. Abundance in Southern Ocean: CC, very common; C, common; R, rare; RR, very rare. A “�” indicates presence. Region Species name Abundance 1 2 3 4 5 Species ranging from Antarctic waters to the south temperate region (7 spp.) Euaugaptilus hadrocephalus RR � Euaugaptilus perasetosus R � Onchocalanus paratrigoniceps R � Paraeuchaeta regalis CC � Pseudochirella hirsuta C � Scolecithricella hadrosoma R � Scolecithricella parafalcifer R � Species ranging from Antarctic waters to tropical region (5 spp.) Cornucalanus robustus CC � � Farrania frigida R � � Lucicutia bradyana R � � Paraeuchaeta abbreviata R � � Scaphocalanus major R � Species ranging from Antarctic waters to north temperate region (29 spp.) Batheuchaeta lamellata R � � � Batheuchaeta peculiaris R � � Bathycalanus bradyi R � � � Chiridiella subaequalis R � Chiridius polaris R � Cornucalanus chelifer CC � � � Cornucalanus simplex R � � � Euaugaptilus bullifer R � � Euaugaptilus magna C � � � Euaugaptilus maxillaris R � � � Euaugaptilus nodifrons C � � � Gaetanus antarcticus R � � � Gaetanus paracurvicornis R � � Haloptilus fons R � � � Haloptilus oxycephalus CC � � Lophothrix humilifrons R � � � Metridia ferrarii R � � � Onchocalanus cristatus R � � � Onchocalanus hirtipes R � Onchocalanus trigoniceps R � � � Scaphocalanus elongatus C � � Scolecithricella altera R � Scolecithricella emarginata CC � � � Scolecithricella obtusifrons R � � Scolecithricella ovata C � � � Talacalanus greeni R � � Valdiviella oligarthra R � � � Valdiviella brevicornis R � � � Valdiviella insignis R � � � (continued)
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Smithsonian at the Poles Contributi
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Contents FOREWORD by Ira Rubinoff i
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Elaina Jorgensen, Alaska Fisheries
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CONTENTS vii Watching Star Birth fr
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x SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES blooms i
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xii SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES Change
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xiv SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES Museum
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Advancing Polar Research and Commun
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James P. Espy (1785- 1860), the fi
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ology fueled hopes that the scienti
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Meteorologists also provided critic
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visualize weather patterns remotely
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in ice sheets. The latest collapse
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Cooperation at the Poles? Placing t
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British Association for the Advance
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cations, in which the Smithsonian s
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ence” (Robinson, 2006: 76), he ha
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Taylor, C. J. 1981. First Internati
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24 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KORSM
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36 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / De VO
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From Ballooning in the Arctic to 10
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ern Svalbard in 1896 (Capelotti, 19
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FIGURE 2. The Andrée campsite in 1
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National Zoo in Washington, D.C.—
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FROM BALLOONING TO 10,000-FOOT RUNW
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e rapidly deployed to South America
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“Of No Ordinary Importance”: Re
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1942). Ethnological collecting had
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group. More importantly, Murdoch’
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gan to study the question of Indian
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small museums and culture centers i
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fer of Alaskan objects and informat
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fi rst time in polar research— di
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Boas, Franz. 1888a. “The Central
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Lindsay, Debra. 1993. Science in th
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80 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / FIENU
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90 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / BURCH
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100 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / CROW
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Page 132 and 133: From Tent to Trading Post and Back
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Page 136 and 137: The Smithsonian Institution’s pre
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Page 140 and 141: FIGURE 8. A drawing of the so-calle
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Page 144: the Past: Archaeologists, Native Am
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Page 198 and 199: Brooding and Species Diversity in t
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Page 208 and 209: ing such cryptic speciation suggest
Page 210 and 211: LITERATURE CITED Absher, T. M., G.
Page 212 and 213: Madon-Senez, C. 1998. Disparité Mo
Page 214 and 215: Persistent Elevated Abundance of Oc
Page 216 and 217: ABUNDANCE OF ANTARCTIC OCTOPODS 199
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ABUNDANCE OF ANTARCTIC OCTOPODS 203
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206 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / WINS
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Considerations of Anatomy, Morpholo
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Many theories have been hypothesize
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FIGURE 4. A three dimensional recon
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are wider and more bulbous in the a
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mimicked the shape and profi le of
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faces for SEM observation. The spec
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DISCUSSION Imaging and dissection o
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out its length. The pulp chamber al
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pulpal neurons and dentin tubules.
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Scientifi c Diving Under Ice: A 40-
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TABLE 2. Principal Investigators an
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attaching ice anchors to the chunks
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dumping of weight under water. The
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MARINE LIFE HAZARDS Few polar anima
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Urine should be copious and clear a
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Environmental and Molecular Mechani
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face (�1.8°C) are likely to pose
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FIGURE 2. Illustrated selection shi
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FIGURE 4. Distribution of respirati
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invertebrates were placed in the ba
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Meehan, R. R., D. S. Dunican, A. Ru
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266 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KOOY
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272 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / DUNT
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286 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / QUET
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300 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / NEAL
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310 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / SMIT
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320 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KIEB
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Capital Expenditure and Income (For
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tal breeding systems (Boyd, 1998; T
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FIGURE 3. Pup mass gain in relation
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MONITORING FOOD CONSUMPTION DURING
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primary productivity in McMurdo Sou
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Non-steady-State Systems. Journal o
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Latitudinal Patterns of Biological
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and perhaps others, may have invade
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colonizing the Arctic Ocean under c
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due in part to the great distances
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and (2) human-mediated responses to
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Lewis, P. N., M. Riddle, and C. L.
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Cosmology from Antarctica Robert W.
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There they found better observing c
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TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS AT THE S
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Gaier, T., J. Schuster, and P. Lubi
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J. M. Kovac, C. L. Kuo, A. E. Lange
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370 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / MART
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372 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / MART
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374 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / WALK
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Watching Star Birth from the Antarc
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STAR BIRTH FROM THE ANTARCTIC PLATE
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is constructing and deploying the P
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Antarctic Meteorites: Exploring the
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at the Field Museum, and pieces wer
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the description and curation of Ant
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led these committees throughout the
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Index AAUS. See American Academy of
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temperature, 350-355 tourism, 354 B
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Fishing. See also Biological invasi
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McMurdo Station, xiv, 265-267, 393
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Rogick, Mary, 206 Ronne, Finn, 55 R
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U.S. Naval Support Force Antarctica
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