Smithsonian at the Poles: Contributions to International Polar

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STAR BIRTH FROM THE ANTARCTIC PLATEAU 383 FIGURE 1. Two of the molecular clouds that make up the Lupus complex, visible as dark patches against the stars: (left) Lupus I and (right) Lupus III. The ridge in Lupus I is about 5 pc long. Images taken from the Digital Sky Survey (Lasker et al., 1990). FIGURE 2. The same clouds as in Figure 1, mapped in the millimeter-wave emission of 13 CO 2– 1. The isotopically substituted CO traces the dark cloud structure very well (N. F. H. Tothill, A. Loehr, S. C. Parshley, A. A. Stark, A. P. Lane, J. I. Harnett, G. Wright, C. K. Walker, T. L. Bourke, and P. C. Myers, unpublished manuscript).
384 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / TOTHILL ET AL. FIGURE 3. Comparison of CO 4– 3 and 13 CO 2– 1 emission from Lupus I and III clouds. The different physical conditions of the hot spots in the two clouds show up in the different distributions, but the bulk of each cloud is quite similar to that of the other (N. F. H. Tothill, A. Loehr, S. C. Parshley, A. A. Stark, A. P. Lane, J. I. Harnett, G. Wright, C. K. Walker, T. L. Bourke, and P. C. Myers, unpublished manuscript). over quite small distances (about 0.5 pc), but in Lupus I, a different pattern emerges, of a shallow and rather uneven velocity gradient along the fi lament, coupled with a strong gradient across the fi lament. This gradient across the fi lament is coherent over at least 2 pc of the fi lament’s length. The presence of such a large coherent structure in a region whose activity appears quite stochastic is remarkable; it may have arisen from external infl uences, presumably from Sco-Cen. The massive stars in Sco-Cen are quite capable of affecting nearby clouds; the rho Ophiuchi region on the other side of Sco-Cen is clearly infl uenced by the nearby OB association. There are some signs of a supernova remnant to the northwest of the Lupus I fi lament, which could have a strong dynamical effect on the gas. NEW OBSERVING SITES IN THE ANTARCTIC AND ARCTIC The factors that make the South Pole such a good site to detect the submillimeter-wave radiation from the clouds around young stars are likely to be found in many other locations on the Antarctic plateau and even at some sites in the Arctic. With the astronomical potential of the Antarctic plateau established, it is possible to evaluate other sites in the polar regions as potential observatories. Projects to evaluate the potential of several polar sites are taking place during the International Polar Year: Astronomy from the Poles (AstroPoles) is a general program to study all the sites listed below, while STELLA ANT- ARCTICA concentrates on a more detailed study of the characteristics of the Franco-Italian Concordia station on Dome C. The meteorology of Antarctica is dominated by the katabatic fl ow, as the air loses heat by contact with the radiatively cooled snow surface, loses buoyancy, and sinks down the slope of the ice sheet, leading to a downwardfl owing wind. Most of the atmospheric turbulence is concentrated in a boundary layer between this fl ow and the ice, a layer which gets deeper farther downslope. ANTARCTICA: DOME A Dome A is the highest point on the plateau and has less atmosphere to get in the way than any other site. However, it also lacks infrastructure: in the absence of a yearround station, all instruments must be fully autonomous. Traverses to Dome A and astronomical site testing are being undertaken by the Polar Research Institute of China, in collaboration with an international consortium. This consortium, including Chinese institutions, the Universities of New South Wales, Arizona, and Exeter, and Caltech,
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Smithsonian at the Poles Contributi
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Contents FOREWORD by Ira Rubinoff i
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Elaina Jorgensen, Alaska Fisheries
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CONTENTS vii Watching Star Birth fr
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x SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES blooms i
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xii SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES Change
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xiv SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES Museum
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Advancing Polar Research and Commun
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James P. Espy (1785- 1860), the fi
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ology fueled hopes that the scienti
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Meteorologists also provided critic
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visualize weather patterns remotely
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in ice sheets. The latest collapse
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Cooperation at the Poles? Placing t
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British Association for the Advance
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cations, in which the Smithsonian s
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ence” (Robinson, 2006: 76), he ha
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Taylor, C. J. 1981. First Internati
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24 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KORSM
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36 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / De VO
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From Ballooning in the Arctic to 10
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ern Svalbard in 1896 (Capelotti, 19
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FIGURE 2. The Andrée campsite in 1
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National Zoo in Washington, D.C.—
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FROM BALLOONING TO 10,000-FOOT RUNW
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e rapidly deployed to South America
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“Of No Ordinary Importance”: Re
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1942). Ethnological collecting had
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group. More importantly, Murdoch’
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gan to study the question of Indian
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small museums and culture centers i
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fer of Alaskan objects and informat
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fi rst time in polar research— di
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Boas, Franz. 1888a. “The Central
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Lindsay, Debra. 1993. Science in th
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80 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / FIENU
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90 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / BURCH
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100 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / CROW
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From Tent to Trading Post and Back
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in befriending an extraordinary Inu
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The Smithsonian Institution’s pre
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of departure for research during th
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FIGURE 8. A drawing of the so-calle
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situated experiential education and
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the Past: Archaeologists, Native Am
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130 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KRUP
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144 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / PARK
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Brooding and Species Diversity in t
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iefl y consider below some of the i
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ment. Consequently, the selective e
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ated from the Antarctic. Strong cur
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the four main genera of brooding sc
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ing such cryptic speciation suggest
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LITERATURE CITED Absher, T. M., G.
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Madon-Senez, C. 1998. Disparité Mo
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Persistent Elevated Abundance of Oc
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ABUNDANCE OF ANTARCTIC OCTOPODS 199
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206 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / WINS
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Considerations of Anatomy, Morpholo
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Many theories have been hypothesize
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FIGURE 4. A three dimensional recon
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are wider and more bulbous in the a
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mimicked the shape and profi le of
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faces for SEM observation. The spec
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DISCUSSION Imaging and dissection o
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out its length. The pulp chamber al
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pulpal neurons and dentin tubules.
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Scientifi c Diving Under Ice: A 40-
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TABLE 2. Principal Investigators an
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attaching ice anchors to the chunks
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dumping of weight under water. The
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MARINE LIFE HAZARDS Few polar anima
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Urine should be copious and clear a
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Environmental and Molecular Mechani
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face (�1.8°C) are likely to pose
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FIGURE 2. Illustrated selection shi
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FIGURE 4. Distribution of respirati
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invertebrates were placed in the ba
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Meehan, R. R., D. S. Dunican, A. Ru
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266 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KOOY
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272 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / DUNT
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286 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / QUET
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300 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / NEAL
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310 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / SMIT
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320 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KIEB
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Page 352 and 353: Capital Expenditure and Income (For
Page 354 and 355: tal breeding systems (Boyd, 1998; T
Page 356 and 357: FIGURE 3. Pup mass gain in relation
Page 358 and 359: MONITORING FOOD CONSUMPTION DURING
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Page 362 and 363: Non-steady-State Systems. Journal o
Page 364 and 365: Latitudinal Patterns of Biological
Page 366 and 367: and perhaps others, may have invade
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Page 372 and 373: and (2) human-mediated responses to
Page 374 and 375: Lewis, P. N., M. Riddle, and C. L.
Page 376 and 377: Cosmology from Antarctica Robert W.
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Page 380 and 381: TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS AT THE S
Page 382 and 383: Gaier, T., J. Schuster, and P. Lubi
Page 384: J. M. Kovac, C. L. Kuo, A. E. Lange
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Page 391 and 392: 374 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / WALK
Page 398 and 399: Watching Star Birth from the Antarc
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Page 404 and 405: Antarctic Meteorites: Exploring the
Page 406 and 407: at the Field Museum, and pieces wer
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Page 410 and 411: led these committees throughout the
Page 412 and 413: Index AAUS. See American Academy of
Page 414 and 415: temperature, 350-355 tourism, 354 B
Page 416 and 417: Fishing. See also Biological invasi
Page 418 and 419: McMurdo Station, xiv, 265-267, 393
Page 420 and 421: Rogick, Mary, 206 Ronne, Finn, 55 R
Page 422: U.S. Naval Support Force Antarctica
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