Smithsonian at the Poles: Contributions to International Polar

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primary productivity in McMurdo Sound, and this could result in a reduction in prey resources for Weddell seals. This may have led mothers to seek out alternative breeding sites in closer proximity to food resources, although the mechanism by which such choice is made is not known. It would be especially valuable to examine the variation in foraging success and reproductive performance in different areas in the Antarctic where availability of food resources varies in time and space. How fl exible are the reproductive strategies of Weddell seals? Does the relative importance of income versus capital breeding vary among populations or among years? How could the reproductive success of the Weddell seal be impacted by changes in ice or currents associated with global warming? In a world of change, we need suffi cient background information on the resource needs of species to be able to predict future population trends. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Weddell seal research at Hutton Cliffs, Erebus Bay, McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, in 1999 was supported by the Lottery Science Board New Zealand and the New Zealand Antarctic Program. Research at this site in 2006 and 2007 was supported by the National Science Foundation Offi ce of Polar Programs (NSF-OPP award ANT-0538592) and authorized by permits issued by the National Marine Fisheries Service Offi ce of Protected Resources (permit 763-1485-00) and NSF-OPP (Antarctic Conservation Act permit 2007-001). We thank our fi eld teams for their hard work and dedication. LITERATURE CITED Agricultural Research Council. 1980. The Nutrient Requirements of Ruminant Livestock. Slough, U.K.: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux. Al-Waiz, M., S. C. Mitchell, J. R. Idle, and R. L. Smith. 1987. The Metabolism of 14 C-Labelled Trimethylamine and Its N-Oxide in Man. Xenobiotica, 17(5): 551– 558. Al-Waiz, M., M. Mikov, S. C. Mitchell, and R. L. Smith. 1992. The Exogenous Origin of Trimethylamine in the Mouse. Metabolism— Clinical and Experimental, 41: 135– 136. Arnbom, T., M. A. Fedak, and I. L. Boyd. 1997. Factors Affecting Maternal Expenditure in Southern Elephant Seals during Lactation. Ecology, 78(2): 471– 483. Arnould, J. P. Y., and M.A. Hindell. 2002. Milk Consumption, Body Composition and Pre-weaning Growth Rates of Australian Fur Seal (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) Pups. Journal of Zoology, 256: 351– 359. Arnould, J. P. Y., I. L. Boyd, and J. R. Speakman. 1996. The Relationship between Foraging Behaviour and Energy Expenditure in Antarctic Fur Seals. Journal of Zoology, 239:769– 782. WEDDELL SEAL CAPITAL BALANCE DURING LACTATION 343 Austin, D., W. D. Bowen, J. I. McMillan, and D. J. Boness. 2006a. Stomach Temperature Telemetry Reveals Temporal Patterns of Foraging Success in a Free-Ranging Marine Mammal. Journal of Animal Ecology, 75: 408– 420. Austin, D., W. D. Bowen, J. I. McMillan, and S. J. Iverson. 2006b. Linking Movement, Diving, and Habitat to Foraging Success in a Large Marine Predator. Ecology, 87: 3095– 3108. Baker, S. R., C. Barrette, and M. O. Hammill. 1995. Mass Transfer during Lactation of an Ice-Breeding Pinniped, the Grey Seal (Halichoerus grypus), in Nova Scotia, Canada. Journal of Zoology, 236: 531– 542 Baverstock, P., and B. Green. 1975. Water Recycling in Lactation. Science, 187: 657– 658. Bertram, G. C. L. 1940. The Biology of the Weddell and the Crabeater Seals. British Graham Land Expedition Scientifi c Report, 1: 1– 139. Blaxter, K. L. 1989. Energy Metabolism in Animals and Man. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Blix, A. S., and E. S. Nordøy. 2007. Ross Seal (Ommatophoca rossii) Annual Distribution, Diving Behaviour, Breeding and Moulting, off Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. Polar Biology, 30: 1449– 1458. Boness, D. J., and W. D. Bowen. 1996. The Evolution of Maternal Care in Pinnipeds. Bioscience, 46(9): 645– 654. Boness, D. J., W. D. Bowen, and O. T. Oftedal. 1994. Evidence of a Maternal Foraging Cycle Resembling That of Otariid Seals in a Small Phocid, the Harbor Seal. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology, 34(2): 95– 104. Bonner, N.W. 1984. Lactation Strategies in Pinnipeds: Problems for a Marine Mammalian Group. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London, 51: 253– 272. Bornemann, H. 1994. Untersuchungen zum Fressverhalten der Weddellrobbe (Leptonychotes weddellii) in der Antarktis. Ph.D. diss., Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin. Bornemann, H., E. Mohr, and J. Plötz. 1992. Recording the Feeding Behavior of Freely Moving Animals Using the Example of Freely Diving Weddell Seals (Leptonychotes weddellii). Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin, Reihe A, 39(3): 228– 235. Bowen, W. D., O. T. Oftedal, and D. J. Boness. 1985. Birth to Weaning in Four Days: Remarkable Growth in the Hooded Seal, Cystophora cristata. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 63: 2841– 2846. Bowen, W. D., S. L. Ellis, S. J. Iverson, and D. J. Boness. 2001a. Maternal Effects on Offspring Growth Rate and Weaning Mass in Harbour Seals. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 79(6): 1088– 1101. Bowen, W.D., S. J. Iverson, D. J. Boness, and O. T. Oftedal. 2001b. Foraging Effort, Food Intake and Lactation Performance Depend on Maternal Mass in a Small Phocid Seal. Functional Ecology, 15(3): 325– 334 Bowen, W.D., D. Tully, D. J. Boness, B. M. Bulheier, and G. J. Marshall. 2002. Prey-Dependent Foraging Tactics and Prey Profi tability in a Marine Mammal. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 244: 235– 245. Boyd, I. L. 1998. Time and Energy Constraints in Pinniped Lactation. American Naturalist, 152(5): 717– 728. Brown, D.J., I. L. Boyd, G. C. Cripps, and P. J. Butler. 1999. Fatty Acid Signature Analysis from the Milk of Antarctic Fur Seals and Southern Elephant Seals from South Georgia: Implications for Diet Determination. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 187: 251– 263. Brown, R. M., D. Newton, C. J. Pickford, and J. C. Sherlock. 1990. Human Metabolism of Arsenobetaine Ingested with Fish. Human and Experimental Toxicology, 9(1): 41– 46. Bryden, M., M. Smith, R. Tedman, and D. Featherston. 1984. Growth of the Weddell Seal, Leptonychotes weddelli (Pinnipedia). Australian Journal of Zoology, 32: 33– 41. Burns, J. M., and J. W. Testa. 1997. “Developmental Changes and Diurnal and Seasonal Infl uences on the Diving Behaviour of Weddell Seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) Pups.” In Antarctic Communities:
344 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / EISERT AND OFTEDAL Species, Structure and Survival, ed. B. Battaglia, J. Valencia, and D. H. Walton, pp. 328– 334. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Burns, J. M., J. F. Schreer, and M. A. Castellini. 1997. Physiological Effects on Dive Patterns and Foraging Strategies in Yearling Weddell Seals (Leptonychotes weddellii). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 75: 1796– 1810. Burns, J. M., S. J. Trumble, M. A. Castellini, and J. W. Testa. 1998. The Diet of Weddell Seals in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica as Determined from Scat Collections and Stable Isotope Analysis. Polar Biology, 19(4):272– 282. Burns, J. M., M. A. Castellini, and J. W. Testa. 1999. Movements and Diving Behavior of Weaned Weddell Seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) Pups. Polar Biology, 21(1): 23– 36. Caelhaem, I., and D. A. Christoffel. 1969. Some Observations of the Feeding Habits of a Weddell Seal, and Measurements of Its Prey Dissostichus mawsoni at McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 3(2): 181– 190. Carl, G. R., and C. T. Robbins. 1988. The Energetic Cost of Predator Avoidance in Neonatal Ungulates: Hiding versus Following. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 66: 239– 246. Carlini, J. I., G. A. Daneri, M. E. I. Marquez, G. E. Soave and S. Poljak. 1997. Mass Transfer from Mothers to Pups and Mass Recovery by Mothers during the Post-breeding Foraging Period in Southern Elephant Seals (Mirounga leonina) at King George Island. Polar Biology, 18: 305– 310. Casper, R. M., S. N. Jarman, F. E. Deagle, N. J. Gales, and M. A. Hindell. 2007. Detecting Prey from DNA in Predator Scats: A Comparison with Morphological Analysis, Using Arctocephalus Seals Fed a Known Diet. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 347: 144– 154. Castellini, M. A., G. L. Kooyman, and P. J. Ponganis. 1992. Metabolic Rates of Freely Diving Weddell Seals— Correlations with Oxygen Stores, Swim Velocity and Diving Duration. Journal of Experimental Biology, 165: 181– 194. Costa, D. P. 1987. “Isotopic Methods for Quantifying Material and Energy Intake of Free-Ranging Marine Mammals.” In Approaches to Marine Mammal Energetics. Volume 1, ed. A.C. Huntley, D. P. Costa, G. A. J. Worthy, and M. A. Castellini, pp. 43– 66. Lawrence, Kans.: Allen Press. Costa, D. P. 1991. “Reproductive and Foraging Energetics of Pinnipeds: Implications for Life History Patterns.” In Behaviour of Pinnipeds, ed. D. Renouf, pp. 300– 344. London: Chapman and Hall. Costa, D. P., and N. J. Gales. 2000. Foraging Energetics and Diving Behavior of Lactating New Zealand Sea Lions, Phocarctos hookeri. Journal of Experimental Biology, 203: 3655– 3665. ———. 2003. Energetics of a Benthic Diver: Seasonal Foraging Ecology of the Australian Sea Lion, Neophoca cinerea. Ecological Monographs, 73: 27– 43. Costa, D. P., B. J. Le Boeuf, A. C. Huntley, and C. L. Ortiz. 1986. The Energetics of Lactation in the Northern Elephant Seal, Mirounga angustirostris. Journal of Zoology, 209:21– 33. Cullen, W. R., and K. J. Reimer. 1989. Arsenic Speciation in the Environment. Chemical Reviews, 89(4): 713– 764. Davis, R. W., L. A. Fuiman, T. M. Williams, S. O. Collier, W. P. Hagey, S. B. Kanatous, S. Kohin, and M. Horning. 1999. Hunting Behaviour of a Marine Mammal beneath the Antarctic Fast Ice. Science, 283(5404): 993– 996. Davis, R. W., L. A. Fuiman, T. M. Williams, and B. J. I. S. Le Boeuf. 2001. Three-Dimensional Movements and Swimming Activity of a Northern Elephant Seal. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A, 129(4): 759– 770. Dearborn, J. H. 1965. Food of Weddell Seals at McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Journal of Mammalogy, 46(1): 37– 43. Dove, H. 1988. Estimation of the Intake of Milk by Lambs, from the Turnover of Deuterium- or Tritium-Labelled Water. British Journal of Nutrition, 60: 375– 387. Dove, H., and M. Freer. 1979. The Accuracy of Tritiated Water Turnover Rate as an Estimate of Milk Intake in Lambs. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 30: 725– 739. Edmonds, J. S., and K. A. Francesconi. 1977. Isolation, Crystal Structure and Synthesis of Arsenobetaine, the Arsenical Constituent of the Western Rock Lobster Panulirus longipes cygnus George. Tetrahedron Letters, 18: 1543– 1546. ———. 1987. Transformations of Arsenic in the Marine Environment. Experientia, 43(5): 553– 557. ———. 1988. The Origin of Arsenobetaine in Marine Animals. Applied Organometallic Chemistry, 2: 297– 302. Eisert, R. 2003. Energy Metabolism of Weddell Seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) during the Lactation Period. Ph.D. diss., Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand. Eisert, R., O. T. Oftedal, M. Lever, S. Ramdohr, B. H. Breier, and G. K. Barrell. 2005. Detection of Food Intake in a Marine Mammal Using Marine Osmolytes and Their Analogues as Dietary Biomarkers. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 300: 213– 228. Fedak, M. A., and S. S. Anderson. 1982. The Energetics of Lactation: Accurate Measurements from a Large Wild Mammal, the Grey Seal (Halichoerus grypus). Journal of Zoology, 198: 473– 479. Fedak, M. A., T. Arnbom, and I. L. Boyd. 1996. The Relation Between the Size of Southern Elephant Seal Mothers, the Growth of Their Pups, and the Use of Maternal Energy, Fat and Protein During Lactation. Physiological Zoology, 69(4): 887– 911. Fuiman, L. A., R. W. Davis, and T. M. Williams. 2002. Behavior of Midwater Fishes under the Antarctic Ice: Observations by a Predator. Marine Biology, 140(4): 815– 822. Fuiman, L. A., K. M. Madden, T. M. Williams, and R. W. Davis. 2007. Structure of Foraging Dives by Weddell Seals at an Offshore Isolated Hole in the Antarctic Fast-Ice Environment. Deep-Sea Research, Part II, 54: 270– 289. Green, B., and K. Newgrain. 1979. Estimation of Milk Intake of Sucklings by Means of 22 Na. Journal of Mammalogy, 60: 556– 559. Harcourt, R. G., M. A. Hindell, D. G. Bell, and J. R. Waas. 2000. Three- Dimensional Dive Profi les of Free-Ranging Weddell Seals. Polar Biology, 23(7): 479– 487. Hastings, K. K., and J. W. Testa. 1998. Maternal and Birth Colony Effects on Survival of Weddell Seal Offspring from McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Journal of Animal Ecology, 67(5): 722– 740. Hayssen, V. 1993. Empirical and Theoretical Constraints on the Evolution of Lactation. Journal of Dairy Science, 76(10): 3213– 3233. Hedd, A., R. Gales, and D. Renouf. 1996. Can Stomach Temperature Telemetry Be Used to Quantify Prey Consumption by Seals? A Reexamination. Polar Biology, 16(4): 261– 270. Hill, S. E. B. 1987. Reproductive Ecology of Weddell Seals (Leptonychotes weddelli) in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Ph.D. diss., University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Hindell, M. A., R. G. Harcourt, D. Thompson, and J. R. Waas. 1999. Evidence for Foraging during Lactation in the Weddell Seal. Paper presented at the 13th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals. 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Smithsonian at the Poles Contributi
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Contents FOREWORD by Ira Rubinoff i
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Elaina Jorgensen, Alaska Fisheries
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CONTENTS vii Watching Star Birth fr
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x SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES blooms i
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xii SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES Change
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xiv SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES Museum
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Advancing Polar Research and Commun
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James P. Espy (1785- 1860), the fi
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ology fueled hopes that the scienti
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Meteorologists also provided critic
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visualize weather patterns remotely
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in ice sheets. The latest collapse
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Cooperation at the Poles? Placing t
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British Association for the Advance
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cations, in which the Smithsonian s
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ence” (Robinson, 2006: 76), he ha
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Taylor, C. J. 1981. First Internati
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24 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KORSM
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36 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / De VO
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From Ballooning in the Arctic to 10
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ern Svalbard in 1896 (Capelotti, 19
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FIGURE 2. The Andrée campsite in 1
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National Zoo in Washington, D.C.—
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FROM BALLOONING TO 10,000-FOOT RUNW
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e rapidly deployed to South America
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“Of No Ordinary Importance”: Re
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1942). Ethnological collecting had
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group. More importantly, Murdoch’
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gan to study the question of Indian
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small museums and culture centers i
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fer of Alaskan objects and informat
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fi rst time in polar research— di
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Boas, Franz. 1888a. “The Central
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Lindsay, Debra. 1993. Science in th
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80 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / FIENU
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90 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / BURCH
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100 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / CROW
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From Tent to Trading Post and Back
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in befriending an extraordinary Inu
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The Smithsonian Institution’s pre
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of departure for research during th
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FIGURE 8. A drawing of the so-calle
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situated experiential education and
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the Past: Archaeologists, Native Am
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130 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KRUP
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144 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / PARK
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Brooding and Species Diversity in t
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iefl y consider below some of the i
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ment. Consequently, the selective e
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ated from the Antarctic. Strong cur
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the four main genera of brooding sc
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ing such cryptic speciation suggest
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LITERATURE CITED Absher, T. M., G.
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Madon-Senez, C. 1998. Disparité Mo
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Persistent Elevated Abundance of Oc
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ABUNDANCE OF ANTARCTIC OCTOPODS 199
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206 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / WINS
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Considerations of Anatomy, Morpholo
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Many theories have been hypothesize
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FIGURE 4. A three dimensional recon
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are wider and more bulbous in the a
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mimicked the shape and profi le of
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faces for SEM observation. The spec
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DISCUSSION Imaging and dissection o
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out its length. The pulp chamber al
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pulpal neurons and dentin tubules.
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Scientifi c Diving Under Ice: A 40-
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TABLE 2. Principal Investigators an
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attaching ice anchors to the chunks
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dumping of weight under water. The
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MARINE LIFE HAZARDS Few polar anima
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Urine should be copious and clear a
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Environmental and Molecular Mechani
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face (�1.8°C) are likely to pose
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FIGURE 2. Illustrated selection shi
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FIGURE 4. Distribution of respirati
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invertebrates were placed in the ba
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Meehan, R. R., D. S. Dunican, A. Ru
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272 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / DUNT
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Page 352 and 353: Capital Expenditure and Income (For
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Page 398 and 399: Watching Star Birth from the Antarc
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led these committees throughout the
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Index AAUS. See American Academy of
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temperature, 350-355 tourism, 354 B
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Fishing. See also Biological invasi
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McMurdo Station, xiv, 265-267, 393
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Rogick, Mary, 206 Ronne, Finn, 55 R
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U.S. Naval Support Force Antarctica
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