Smithsonian at the Poles: Contributions to International Polar

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National Zoo in Washington, D.C.— abandoned the base and fl ew out to the ice edge in their Curtis Wright Condor biplane, which also had to be abandoned. The USS Bear then took them back to the United States, and some nine months later the United States was at war with Japan and Germany. Stonington Island was reoccupied by the Falklands Islands Dependencies in 1946 and subsequently used by the British Antarctic Service until 1970 (Walton, 1955). East Base itself, although badly vandalized by ship crews from Chile and Argentina, was reoccupied by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition (RARE) in 1947– 1948 (Ronne 1949; 1979). The RARE expedition was a private venture under the leadership of Finn Ronne who had been second in command at East Base in 1940. The RARE expedition was unique because this was the fi rst time women (Jackie Ronne and the chief pilot’s wife, Jennie Darlington) were to winter over in Antarctica (Ronne, 1950; Darlington and McIlvaine, 1956). All three expeditions conducted important research and determined that this part of the continent was indeed a peninsula and not an island (Ronne, 1949: English, 1941; Wade, 1945). Interest in the historic value of the site was noted by Lipps in the late 1970s (Lipps, 1976, 1978). East Base was recognized as an historic site (#55) by the Antarctic Treaty Nations in 1989. In 1991, U.S. National Park Service archaeologist, Catherine Blee (later Spude), and NPS historian, Robert Spude, were taken to the island by NSF to conduct a survey and develop a management plan for the site. In 1993, the author led a team, including archaeologist and hazardous waste expert, Robert Weaver, and staff from the U.S. Antarctic Research Program Base at Palmer Station and British Antarctic Survey personnel from Rothera Station. We were there to follow through on the NPS recommendations. These included cleanup and documentation of debris, removal of hazardous materials, repairs of doors, windows, and roofs and the storage of artifacts. In addition, warning and information signs were made for the site and its buildings and an interpretative panel with a description of the station and historic photographs was put on display in the Science Building (Figure 3). The team worked on the site from 20 February until 3 March 1992. The grounds were cleaned and capped with fresh beach stones, the buildings repaired as far as possible and one building became an artifact storage facility. A collection of some 50 artifacts, including old maps, tools, mittens, fi lms, bottles, bunk plates and dog tags with names, scientifi c specimens, medical supplies and other items were brought back and are now kept at FROM BALLOONING TO 10,000-FOOT RUNWAYS 55 FIGURE 4. Noel Broadbent recording a cold-weather mask at East Base in 1992. In the foreground are old weather maps found at the site. (Photo by Michael Parfi t) the Naval Historical Center, U.S. Naval Yard, in Washington D.C. (Figure 4). A small museum, one of the most remote museums in the world (Iijima, 1994), was set up in the Science Building with and a brass plaque with the names of the 1940– 1941 and 1947– 1948 expedition members that had been donated by the National Geographic Society. A guest book was left in the museum together with an American fl ag. A spare engine for the Curtis Wright Condor biplane still rests in its original crate in front of the museum. There is even a World War I vintage light tank with an air-cooled aircraft engine, a failed experiment in winter traction (Figure 5). The fi rst tourists arrived in 29 December 1993 onboard the Kapitan Khlebnikov. In 1994, Jackie Ronne, widow of Finn Ronne, and their daughter, Karen Tupek, visited the site and left more photos and texts for the museum and the bunkhouse. The East Base project was conducted as a cleanup and historical archaeological project. It was the fi rst U.S. effort in historic archaeology in Antarctica that set a precedent for how sites of these types can be managed (Parfi t, 1993). Sites in the East Base area were made environmentally safe and worthy of tourism and are lasting memorials to polar science. More than 100 cruise ships now visit Antarctica every year and there is still an urgent need to document and manage many historic sites around the continent. Preservation conditions have left items in pristine condition and the continent is littered with aircraft, vehicles, and buildings. This is one of the greatest challenges of cultural resource management and ideally should be conducted as collaborative international efforts.
56 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / BROADBENT FIGURE 5. The gap between Stonington Island and the Northeast glacier, 1992. As late as in the 1970s, an ice bridge connected the island to the Antarctic Peninsula; it had been the major reason for choosing the island as a base in 1940. The changes refl ect rapid warming in the region. (Photo by Noel Broadbent) MARBLE POINT, ANTARCTICA The fi nal project to be discussed is a small archaeological endeavor but one encompassing a huge site, that of a 10,000-foot-long airfi eld and base at Marble Point in Victoria Land, across from Ross Island and the large American base at McMurdo Sound. While making site visits to researchers supported by the social sciences program as NSF, the author had the opportunity to carry out a survey of Marble Point on 22 January 1994. With the help of volunteers from McMurdo, we mapped the site of the Navy Seabee (CBRU) camp established in 1957. There were numerous foundations of “Jamesway” huts, trash dumps, oil spills, roads, and other features. Large vehicles, graders, and rollers had also been left behind. A reservoir dam been built at the foot of the glacier (Figures 6 and 7a– e). The U.S. Navy (Operation Deep Freeze I) supported American scientists in Antarctica during the 1957– 1958 International Geophysical Year and this base was part of the effort. More than 40 nations participated in the IGY and the Antarctic was studied by teams from the United States, Great Britain, France, Norway, Chile, Argentina, Japan, and the USSR. Marble Point was both a research site and an ideal place for an airfi eld. It was also a jumping-off point for researchers working in the Dry Valleys. Rear Admiral George J. Dufek championed the airfi eld construction. In an Airfi eld Feasibility Study fi lm (CNO- 5– 1958), he pointed out the strategic signifi cance such an airfi eld for the southern hemisphere. Aircraft could
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Smithsonian at the Poles Contributi
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Contents FOREWORD by Ira Rubinoff i
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Elaina Jorgensen, Alaska Fisheries
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CONTENTS vii Watching Star Birth fr
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x SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES blooms i
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xii SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES Change
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xiv SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES Museum
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Advancing Polar Research and Commun
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James P. Espy (1785- 1860), the fi
Page 22 and 23: ology fueled hopes that the scienti
Page 24 and 25: Meteorologists also provided critic
Page 26 and 27: visualize weather patterns remotely
Page 28 and 29: in ice sheets. The latest collapse
Page 30 and 31: Cooperation at the Poles? Placing t
Page 32 and 33: British Association for the Advance
Page 34 and 35: cations, in which the Smithsonian s
Page 36 and 37: ence” (Robinson, 2006: 76), he ha
Page 38: Taylor, C. J. 1981. First Internati
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Page 66 and 67: From Ballooning in the Arctic to 10
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Page 70 and 71: FIGURE 2. The Andrée campsite in 1
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Page 76 and 77: e rapidly deployed to South America
Page 78 and 79: “Of No Ordinary Importance”: Re
Page 80 and 81: 1942). Ethnological collecting had
Page 82 and 83: group. More importantly, Murdoch’
Page 84 and 85: gan to study the question of Indian
Page 86 and 87: small museums and culture centers i
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Page 90 and 91: fi rst time in polar research— di
Page 92 and 93: Boas, Franz. 1888a. “The Central
Page 94: Lindsay, Debra. 1993. Science in th
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106 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / CROW
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From Tent to Trading Post and Back
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in befriending an extraordinary Inu
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The Smithsonian Institution’s pre
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of departure for research during th
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FIGURE 8. A drawing of the so-calle
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situated experiential education and
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the Past: Archaeologists, Native Am
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130 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KRUP
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144 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / PARK
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Brooding and Species Diversity in t
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iefl y consider below some of the i
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ment. Consequently, the selective e
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ated from the Antarctic. Strong cur
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the four main genera of brooding sc
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ing such cryptic speciation suggest
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LITERATURE CITED Absher, T. M., G.
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Madon-Senez, C. 1998. Disparité Mo
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Persistent Elevated Abundance of Oc
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ABUNDANCE OF ANTARCTIC OCTOPODS 199
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Considerations of Anatomy, Morpholo
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Many theories have been hypothesize
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FIGURE 4. A three dimensional recon
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are wider and more bulbous in the a
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mimicked the shape and profi le of
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faces for SEM observation. The spec
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DISCUSSION Imaging and dissection o
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out its length. The pulp chamber al
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pulpal neurons and dentin tubules.
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Scientifi c Diving Under Ice: A 40-
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TABLE 2. Principal Investigators an
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attaching ice anchors to the chunks
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dumping of weight under water. The
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MARINE LIFE HAZARDS Few polar anima
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Urine should be copious and clear a
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Environmental and Molecular Mechani
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face (�1.8°C) are likely to pose
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FIGURE 2. Illustrated selection shi
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FIGURE 4. Distribution of respirati
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invertebrates were placed in the ba
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Meehan, R. R., D. S. Dunican, A. Ru
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266 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KOOY
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272 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / DUNT
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286 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / QUET
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300 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / NEAL
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320 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KIEB
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Capital Expenditure and Income (For
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tal breeding systems (Boyd, 1998; T
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FIGURE 3. Pup mass gain in relation
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MONITORING FOOD CONSUMPTION DURING
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primary productivity in McMurdo Sou
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Non-steady-State Systems. Journal o
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Latitudinal Patterns of Biological
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and perhaps others, may have invade
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colonizing the Arctic Ocean under c
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due in part to the great distances
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and (2) human-mediated responses to
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Lewis, P. N., M. Riddle, and C. L.
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Cosmology from Antarctica Robert W.
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There they found better observing c
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TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS AT THE S
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Gaier, T., J. Schuster, and P. Lubi
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J. M. Kovac, C. L. Kuo, A. E. Lange
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370 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / MART
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372 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / MART
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374 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / WALK
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Watching Star Birth from the Antarc
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STAR BIRTH FROM THE ANTARCTIC PLATE
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is constructing and deploying the P
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Antarctic Meteorites: Exploring the
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at the Field Museum, and pieces wer
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the description and curation of Ant
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led these committees throughout the
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Index AAUS. See American Academy of
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temperature, 350-355 tourism, 354 B
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Fishing. See also Biological invasi
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McMurdo Station, xiv, 265-267, 393
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Rogick, Mary, 206 Ronne, Finn, 55 R
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U.S. Naval Support Force Antarctica
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