Smithsonian at the Poles: Contributions to International Polar

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in coastal environments and properties observed in the main oceanic gyres. We suggest this trend is largely due to slow photobleaching rates and shading from Phaeocystis antarctica and other bloom-forming species that contain substantial MAA. While CDOM spectral absorption coeffi cients are low in Antarctic waters, they are generally higher than surface water aλ in low-latitude, open-ocean waters, such as the Sargasso Sea, supporting the supposition of a poleward increase in aCDOM in the open ocean. Our results suggest that CDOM in the Ross Sea is not coupled directly to algal production of organic matter in the photic zone. This indicates that case I bio-optical algorithms, in which all in-water constituents and the underwater light fi eld are modeled to covary with chl a (e.g., Morel and Maritorena, 2001), are inappropriate. The decoupling of the phytoplankton bloom and CDOM dynamics indicates that CDOM is produced from sea ice or the microbial degradation of algal-derived dissolved organic matter that was exported out of the photic zone. Ross Sea CDOM absorption coeffi cients are similar in magnitude to values in Antarctic-infl uenced deep waters of the North Atlantic (Nelson et al., 2007), suggesting longrange transport of CDOM produced in the Ross Sea via Antarctic Intermediate and Bottom Water. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by the NSF (grant OPP- 0230499, DJK; grant OPP-0230497, RPK). Any opinions, fi ndings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily refl ect the views of the NSF. The authors gratefully acknowledge the chief scientists for the October– December 2005 Ross Sea cruise, Wade Jeffery (University of West Florida) and Patrick Neale (Smithsonian Environmental Research Center). Thanks are also extended to Patrick Neale, Wade Jeffery, and their research groups for collection of the optics profi les, and the captain and crew of the Nathanial B. Palmer for technical assistance. We also thank Joaquim Goes (Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences), Helga do S. Gomes (Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences), Cristina Sobrino (Smithsonian Environmental Research Center), George Westby (State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry: SUNY-ESF), John Bisgrove (SUNY-ESF), Hyakubun Harada (Dauphin Island Sea Lab, University of South Alabama), Jennifer Meeks (Dauphin Island Sea Lab, University of South Alabama), Jordan Brinkley (SUNY-ESF), CHROMOPHORIC DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER CYCLING 331 and Daniela del Valle (Dauphin Island Sea Lab, University of South Alabama) for their technical help with sampling during this study. LITERATURE CITED Becquevort, S., and W. O. Smith Jr. 2001. Aggregation, Sedimentation and Biodegradability of Phytoplankton-Derived Material During Spring in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Deep-Sea Research, Part II, 48: 4155– 4178. Blough, N. V., and R. Del Vecchio. 2002. “Chromophoric DOM in the Coastal Environment.” In Biogeochemistry of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter, ed. D. A. Hansell and C. A. Carlson, pp. 509– 546. San Diego: Academic Press. Blough, N. V., O. C. Zafi riou, and J. Bonilla. 1993. Optical Absorption Spectra of Waters from the Orinoco River Outfl ow: Terrestrial Input of Colored Organic Matter to the Caribbean. Journal of Geophysical Research, 98: 2271– 2278. Bricaud, A., A. Morel, and L. Prieur. 1981. Absorption by Dissolved Organic Matter of the Sea (Yellow Substance) in the UV and Visible Domains. Limnology and Oceanography, 26: 43– 53. Carder, K. L., R. G. Steward, G. R. Harvey, and P. B. Ortner. 1989. Marine Humic and Fulvic Acids: Their Effects on Remote Sensing of Ocean Chlorophyll. Limnology and Oceanography, 34: 68– 81. Carlson, C. A., H. W. Ducklow, D. A. Hansell, and W. O. Smith Jr. 1998. Organic Carbon Partitioning during Spring Phytoplankton Blooms in the Ross Sea Polynya and the Sargasso Sea. Limnology and Oceanography, 43: 375– 386. Carlson, C. A., D. A. Hansell, E. T. Peltzer, and W. O. Smith Jr. 2000. Stocks and Dynamics of Dissolved and Particulate Organic Matter in the Southern Ross Sea, Antarctica. Deep-Sea Research, Part II 47: 3201– 3225. Caron, D. A., M. R. Dennett, D. J. Lonsdale, D. M. Moran, and L. Shalapyonok. 2000. Microzooplankton Herbivory in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Deep-Sea Research, Part II, 47: 3249– 3272. Chen, R. F., P. Bissett, P. Coble, R. Conmy, G. B. Gardner, M. A. Moran, X. Wang, M. W. Wells, P. Whelan, and R. G. Zepp. 2004. Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) Source Characterization in the Louisiana Bight. Marine Chemistry, 89: 257– 272. Del Castillo, C. E., F. Gilbes, P. G. Coble, and F. E. Muller-Karger. 2000. On the Dispersal of Riverine Colored Dissolved Organic Matter over the West Florida Shelf. Limnology and Oceanography, 45: 1425– 1432. del Valle, D. A., D. J. Kieber, D. A. Toole, J. C. Brinkley, and R. P. Kiene. In press. Biological Consumption of Dimethylsulfi de (DMS) and Its Importance in DMS Dynamics in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Limnology and Oceanography. Del Vecchio, R., and N. V. Blough. 2002. Photobleaching of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter in Natural Waters: Kinetics and Modeling. Marine Chemistry, 78: 231– 253. ———. 2004. Spatial and Seasonal Distribution of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter and Dissolved Organic Carbon in the Middle Atlantic Bight. Marine Chemistry, 89: 169– 187. DiTullio, G. R., J. M. Grebmeier, K. R. Arrigo, M. P. Lizotte, D. H. Robinson, A. Leventer, J. P. Barry, M. L. VanWoert, and R. B. Dunbar. 2000. Rapid and Early Export of Phaeocystis antarctica Blooms in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Nature, 404: 595– 598. Ducklow, H., C. Carlson, M. Church, D. Kirchman, D. Smith, and G. Steward. 2001. The Seasonal Development of the Bacterioplankton Bloom in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, 1994– 1997. Deep-Sea Research, Part II, 48: 4199– 4221.
332 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KIEBER, TOOLE, AND KIENE Ferenac, M. A. 2006. Optical Properties of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) in the Bering Strait and Chukchi Sea. Master’s thesis, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse. Hebling, E. W., and H. Zagarese, eds. 2003. UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems. Comprehensive Series in Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences, Vol. 1. Cambridge, U.K.: Royal Society of Chemistry. Helms, J. R., A. Stubbins, J. D. Ritchie, E. C. Minor, D. J. Kieber, and K. Mopper. 2008. Absorption Spectral Slopes and Slope Ratios as Indicators of Molecular Weight, Source and Photobleaching of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter. Limnology and Oceanography, 53: 955– 969. Kieber, D. J., B. M. Peake, and N. M. Scully. 2003. “Reactive Oxygen Species in Aquatic Ecosystems.” In UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, ed. E.W. Hebling and H. Zagarese, pp. 251– 288. Comprehensive Series in Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences, Vol. 1. Cambridge, U.K.: Royal Society of Chemistry. Kieber, D. J., D. A. Toole, J. J. Jankowski, R. P. Kiene, G. R. Westby, D. A. del Valle, and D. Slezak. 2007. Chemical “Light Meters” for Photochemical and Photobiological Studies. Aquatic Sciences, 69: 360– 376. Kiene, R. P., D. J. Kieber, D. Slezak, D. A. Toole, D. A. Del Valle, J. Bisgrove, J. Brinkley, and A. Rellinger. 2007. Distribution and Cycling of Dimethylsulfi de, Dimethylsulfoniopropionate, and Dimethylsulfoxide During Spring and Early Summer in the Southern Ocean South of New Zealand. Aquatic Sciences, 69:305– 319. Laurion, I., F. Blouin and S. Roy. 2003. The Quantitative Filter Technique for Measuring Phytoplankton Absorption: Interference by MAAs in the UV Waveband. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, 1: 1– 9. Mathot, S., W. O. Smith Jr., C. A. Carlson, D. L. Garrison, M. M. Gowing, and C. L. Vickers. 2000. Carbon Partitioning Within Phaeocystis antarctica (Prymnesiophyceae) Colonies in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Journal of Phycology, 36: 1049– 1056. Mobley, C. D. 1994. Light and Water: Radiative Transfer in Natural Waters. San Diego: Academic Press. Moisan, T. A., and B. G. Mitchell. 2001. UV Absorption by Mycosporine- Like Amino Acids in Phaeocystis antarctica Karsten Induced by Photosynthetically Available Radiation. Marine Biology, 138: 217– 227. Morel, A., and S. Maritorena. 2001. Bio-optical Properties of Oceanic Waters: A Reappraisal. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106: 7163– 7180. Morel, A., B. Gentili, H. Claustre, M. Babin, A. Bricaud, J. Ras, and F. Tieche. 2007. Optical Properties of the “Clearest” Natural Waters. Limnology and Oceanography, 52: 217– 229. Nelson, N. B., and D. A. Siegel. 2002. “Chromophoric DOM in the open ocean.” In Biogeochemistry of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter, ed. D. A. Hansell and C. A. Carlson, pp. 547– 578. San Diego: Academic Press. Nelson, N. B., D. A. Siegel, and A. F. Michaels. 1998. Seasonal Dynamics of Colored Dissolved Material in the Sargasso Sea. Deep-Sea Research, Part I 45: 931– 957. Nelson, N. B., C. A. Carlson, and D. K. Steinberg. 2004. Production of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter by Sargasso Sea Microbes. Marine Chemistry, 89:273– 287. Nelson, N. B., D. A. Siegel, C. A. Carlson, C. Swan, W. M. Smethie Jr., and S. Khatiwala. 2007. Hydrography of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter in the North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Research, Part I 54: 710– 731. Opsahl, S., and R. Benner. 1997. Distribution and Cycling of Terrigenous Dissolved Organic Matter in the Ocean. Nature, 386: 480– 482. Opsahl, S., R. Benner, and R. M. W. Amon. 1999. Major Flux of Terrigenous Dissolved Organic Matter through the Arctic Ocean. Limnology and Oceanography, 44: 2017– 2023. O’Reilly, J. E., S. Maritorena, D. A. Siegel, M. C. O’Brien, D. A. Toole, F. P. Chavez, P. Strutton, G. F. Cota, S. B. Hooker, C. R. McClain, K. L. Carder, F. Muller-Karger, L. Harding, A. Magnuson, D. Phinney, G. F. Moore, J. Aiken, K. R. Arrigo, R. Letelier, and M. Culver. 2000. Ocean Color Chlorophyll-a Algorithms for SeaWiFS, OC2 and OC4: Version 4. In SeaWiFS Postlaunch Calibration and Validation Analyses: Part 3, ed. S. B. Hooker and E. R. Firestone, pp. 9– 23. NASA Technical Memorandum, No. 2000-206892, Volume 11. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. Overland, J. E., and P. J. Stabeno. 2004. Is the Climate of the Bering Sea Warming and Affecting the Ecosystem? Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 85: 309– 310, 312. Patterson, K. W. 2000. Contribution of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter to Attenuation of Ultraviolet Radiation in Three Contrasting Coastal Areas. Ph.D. diss., University of California, Santa Barbara. Qian, J., and K. Mopper. 1996. Automated High-Performance, High- Temperature Combustion Total Organic Carbon Analyzer. Analytical Chemistry, 68: 3090– 3097. Rellinger, A. N., R. P. Kiene, D. Slezak, D. A. del Valle, H. Harada, J. Bisgrove, D. J. Kieber, and J. Brinkley. In press. Occurrence and Turnover of DMSP and DMS in the Deep Waters of the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Deep Sea Research, Part I. Riegger, L., and D. Robinson. 1997. Photoinduction of UV-Absorbing Compounds in Antarctic Diatoms and Phaeocystis antarctica. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 160: 13– 25. Rochelle-Newall, E. J., and T. R. Fisher. 2002a. Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter and Dissolved Carbon in Chesapeake Bay. Marine Chemistry, 77: 23– 41. ———. 2002b. Production of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter Fluorescence in Marine and Estuarine Environments: An Investigation into the Role of Phytoplankton. Marine Chemistry, 77: 7– 21. Rose, J. M., and D. A. Caron. 2007. Does Low Temperature Constrain the Growth Rates of Heterotrophic Protists? Evidence and Implications for Algal Blooms in Cold Waters. Limnology and Oceanography, 52: 886– 895. Sarpal, R. S., K. Mopper, and D. J. Kieber. 1995. Absorbance Properties of Dissolved Organic Matter in Antarctic Waters. Antarctic Journal of the United States, 30: 139– 140. Schindler, D. W., and P. J. Curtis. 1997. The Role of DOC in Protecting Freshwaters Subjected to Climatic Warming and Acidifi cation from UV Exposure. Biogeochemistry, 36: 1– 8. Scully, N. M., and W. L. Miller. 2000. Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Colored Dissolved Organic Matter in the North Water Polynya. Geophysical Research Letters, 27: 1009– 1011. Siegel, D. A., S. Maritorena, N. B. Nelson, D. A. Hansell, and M. Lorenzi- Kayser. 2002. Global Distribution and Dynamics of Colored Dissolved and Detrital Organic Materials. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107: 3228, doi:10.1029/2001JC000965. Siegel, D. A., S. Maritorena, N. B. Nelson, and M. J. Behrenfeld. 2005. Independence and Interdependencies of Global Ocean Color Properties: Reassessing the Bio-optical Assumption, Journal of Geophysical Research, 110: C07011, doi: 10.1029/ 2004JC002527. Smith, W. O., Jr., and J. C. Comiso. 2009. “Southern Ocean Primary Productivity: Variability and a View to the Future.” In Smithsonian at the Poles: Contributions to International Polar Year Science, ed. I. Krupnik, M. A. Lang, and S. E. Miller, pp. 309–318. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press. Smith, W. O., Jr., J. Marra, M. R. Hiscock, and R. T. Barber. 2000. The Seasonal Cycle of Phytoplankton Biomass and Primary Productivity in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Deep-Sea Research, Part II, 47: 3119– 3140. Stedmon, C. A., and S. Markager. 2001. The Optics of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) in the Greenland Sea: An Algorithm for Differentiation between Marine and Terrestrially
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Smithsonian at the Poles Contributi
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Contents FOREWORD by Ira Rubinoff i
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Elaina Jorgensen, Alaska Fisheries
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CONTENTS vii Watching Star Birth fr
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x SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES blooms i
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xii SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES Change
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xiv SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES Museum
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Advancing Polar Research and Commun
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James P. Espy (1785- 1860), the fi
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ology fueled hopes that the scienti
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Meteorologists also provided critic
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visualize weather patterns remotely
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in ice sheets. The latest collapse
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Cooperation at the Poles? Placing t
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British Association for the Advance
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cations, in which the Smithsonian s
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ence” (Robinson, 2006: 76), he ha
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Taylor, C. J. 1981. First Internati
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24 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KORSM
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36 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / De VO
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From Ballooning in the Arctic to 10
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ern Svalbard in 1896 (Capelotti, 19
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FIGURE 2. The Andrée campsite in 1
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National Zoo in Washington, D.C.—
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FROM BALLOONING TO 10,000-FOOT RUNW
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e rapidly deployed to South America
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“Of No Ordinary Importance”: Re
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1942). Ethnological collecting had
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group. More importantly, Murdoch’
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gan to study the question of Indian
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small museums and culture centers i
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fer of Alaskan objects and informat
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fi rst time in polar research— di
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Boas, Franz. 1888a. “The Central
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Lindsay, Debra. 1993. Science in th
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80 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / FIENU
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90 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / BURCH
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100 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / CROW
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From Tent to Trading Post and Back
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in befriending an extraordinary Inu
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The Smithsonian Institution’s pre
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of departure for research during th
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FIGURE 8. A drawing of the so-calle
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situated experiential education and
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the Past: Archaeologists, Native Am
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130 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KRUP
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144 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / PARK
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Brooding and Species Diversity in t
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iefl y consider below some of the i
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ment. Consequently, the selective e
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ated from the Antarctic. Strong cur
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the four main genera of brooding sc
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ing such cryptic speciation suggest
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LITERATURE CITED Absher, T. M., G.
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Madon-Senez, C. 1998. Disparité Mo
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Persistent Elevated Abundance of Oc
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ABUNDANCE OF ANTARCTIC OCTOPODS 199
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Considerations of Anatomy, Morpholo
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Many theories have been hypothesize
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FIGURE 4. A three dimensional recon
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are wider and more bulbous in the a
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mimicked the shape and profi le of
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faces for SEM observation. The spec
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DISCUSSION Imaging and dissection o
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out its length. The pulp chamber al
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pulpal neurons and dentin tubules.
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Scientifi c Diving Under Ice: A 40-
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TABLE 2. Principal Investigators an
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attaching ice anchors to the chunks
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dumping of weight under water. The
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MARINE LIFE HAZARDS Few polar anima
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Urine should be copious and clear a
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Environmental and Molecular Mechani
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face (�1.8°C) are likely to pose
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FIGURE 2. Illustrated selection shi
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FIGURE 4. Distribution of respirati
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invertebrates were placed in the ba
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Meehan, R. R., D. S. Dunican, A. Ru
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Page 352 and 353: Capital Expenditure and Income (For
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Watching Star Birth from the Antarc
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STAR BIRTH FROM THE ANTARCTIC PLATE
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is constructing and deploying the P
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Antarctic Meteorites: Exploring the
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at the Field Museum, and pieces wer
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the description and curation of Ant
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led these committees throughout the
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Index AAUS. See American Academy of
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temperature, 350-355 tourism, 354 B
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Fishing. See also Biological invasi
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McMurdo Station, xiv, 265-267, 393
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Rogick, Mary, 206 Ronne, Finn, 55 R
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U.S. Naval Support Force Antarctica
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