Smithsonian at the Poles: Contributions to International Polar

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Fishing. See also Biological invasion bryozoan abundance, 218 octopod abundance, 197–202 Fitzhugh, William, x, xi, 68–70, 73–74, 79 Fort Conger, Lady Franklin Bay station, xiii, 5, 60, 65, 131 Fraenkel, Knut, 51, 53 Franklin, Sir John, 91 search expeditions, 91–92, 116 Fraser, Ronald, 28 French, Bevan, 389 Friedman, Herbert, 45–46 Fudali, Bob, 389–390 Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 14 Georgi, Johannes, 7 German Polar Commission, 117 Giant molecular clouds (GMCs), 374, 375 Golovnev, Andrei, 70 Göttingen Magnetic Union/Verein, 2, 14–15 Gray whales. See Whales Greely, Adolphus W., 5–6, 19, 65, 132 Greenland, astronomical observations from, 385 Hagen, John P., 39 Hall, Charles Francis, 18–19, 116–117 Hamilton, Joan, 84, 87 Harvey, Ralph, 389 Hayes, I. I., 18 HEAT. See High Elevation Antarctic Terahertz Telescope Heinzel, Karl, 41 Henry, Alfred J., 6 Henry, Joseph arctic studies, 62–64, 74 international cooperation, 14, 15, 17 Meteorological Project, 3, 15–16 Polaris Expedition (1871), 18–19 Herendeen, Edward Perry, 92–93 Her Many Horses, Emil, 82 Herschel, John, 2, 15 High Elevation Antarctic Terahertz (HEAT) Telescope, 373– 379, 385. See also PreHEAT High-resolution spectroscopic imaging, 375 Hillary, Edmund, 59 H.M.S. Plover, 91–92 Holm, Bill, 70 Holmes, William Henry, 65 Hrdlička, Aleš, 66–67, 69 Hudson’s Bay Company, 15, 62, 90, 119 Hudson’s Bay Territory, 62, 119 Humboldt, Alexander von, 5, 14 Hunting. See also Caribou hunting; Whaling climate change, 135–138 endangered perspective on past, 122–123 INDEX 399 Ice. See also Diving; Pack ice; Sea ice camps, 291–293 congelation, 243 fall formation, new patterns, 135 indigenous observations, 133–138 krill habitat, 286–295 pancake, 243 platelet, 243–244, 249 stalactites, 244 winter weather changes, 135–137 IGY. See International Geophysical Year International Astronomy Union (IAU), 26, 29 International cooperation. See Cooperation, scientifi c International Geophysical Year (1957–1958), xiii–xix, 1–2, 8–10, 23–31, 35–36 accomplishments, 9, 23 agenda-setting for, 24, 25–28, 31, 35 Berlin Congress (1878), 24 bryozoan collecting, 206 glaciology, 23, 26, 31 logo, 9 NASM collection, 37–45 organizing committee, 9, 27, 32–33 policy process, 23–33 political context, 24–25, 35, 59 publications, 31 purpose, 9 satellites, 9, 23, 24, 36 Soviet participation, 29–31, 36 World Data Centers, 9, 23, 29–31 International Polar Year, fi rst (1882–1883), xiii, 1, 5–6, 11 accomplishments, 6 ethnological collecting, 64–65, 89–96, 99–100, 118–121, 131 Humboldtean science, 5 international cooperation, 13–20, 118 as landmark event, 13 limitations, 6 political context, 24 reanalysis and reevaluation, 6 scientifi c vs. natural history agenda, 118 Smithsonian participation, 61–62, 64–65, 89–96 social sciences, 131 stations, xiii, 5–6 U.S. participation, 19 Weyprecht’s principles, 5 International Polar Year, second (1932–1933), xiii–xiv, 1, 6–8 accomplishments, 8 political context, 24 radio technology, 7–8 social sciences, 131
400 INDEX International Polar Year, third. See International Geophysical Year International Polar Year, fourth (2007–2008), x, xi, xiv–xv, 10–11 Smithsonian participation, 72–74 technological support, 10–11 themes, 10 International Polar Year: Astronomy from the Poles (AstroPoles), 384 International Research and Exchanges Board (IREX), 70 International Sun-Earth Explorer (ISEE-3), 37 International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP), 26 International Union of Radio Science (URSI), 26 International Whaling Commission (IWC), 102 Interstellar clouds. See Clouds, interstellar Interstellar medium (ISM), 373, 375 Inuit people. See Native peoples Inuit Sea Ice Use and Occupancy Project (ISIUOP), 134 Iñupiat Eskimos. See Native peoples Iñupiat Heritage Center, 100, 102–103 Invertebrates, marine. See also Cold adaptation; Nonpelagic development benthic, 181–192, 205–219 brooding species, 181–192 IPY. See International Polar Year Isolated hole protocol (IHP), 267 “Jesup II,” 70 John, Agatha, 87 John, Mark, 85 John, Paul, 82, 84, 85 John, Peter, 87 Johnson Space Center, xiv, 390, 392, 393 Joinville Island. See Octopods, abundance Juniper-C missile, 43 Kamkoff, Willie, 82 Kane, Elisha Kent, 18, 62 Kaplan, Susan, 68–69, 79 Kashevarov, Aleksandr, 90–91 Kayaks, 83–84, 85, 122 Kelp, arctic (Laminaria solidungula), 271–283. See also Chlorophyll ammonium, 272, 273, 276, 277, 280 biomass, 272, 274–275 Brouger-Lambert Law, 273 elongation (growth), 274, 278, 281–282 light availability, 271–283 oil and gas industry, 349–350, 353–354 pH, 272, 274, 278, 281 storms (wind speed), 281–282 total suspended solids (TSS), 271–283 Kennicott, Robert, 18, 61, 62, 64, 74 Khlobystin, Leonid, 70 Kjellström, Rolf, 51 Kramer, S. Paul, 28 Krill, Antarctic (Euphausia superba), 285–295. See also Climate change; Diving biomass, 286 distribution, 286 ecosystem role, 286–287 as foundation species, 285–287 growth rates, 292–295 as keystone species, 285 life history, 287–289 population dynamics, 293–295 process cruise studies, 291–292 sea ice dynamics, 285–295 Krupnik, Igor, x, xi, 70, 73–74, 94, 133–134 Lactation. See Seals; Whales Lady Franklin Bay station, xiii, 5, 60, 65, 131 Laidler, Gita, 134 Lambda-Cold Dark Matter, 360 Laminaria solidungula. See Kelp, arctic Lang, Michael A., x, xi, 242 Larsen A ice shelf, collapse, 185 Larsen B ice shelf, collapse, 11, 185 Lecithotrophy, 183, 184–185, 186, 188, 189, 190, 192 Lenz, Mary Jane, 81, 82 Lewis, C. D., 68 Light availability. See Photosynthetically active radiation Lipps, J. H., 55 Lloyd, Humphrey, 15 Loki-Dart, 38, 43–44, 45 Loomis, Elias, 3, 15 Loring, Stephen, 74 The Lost World of James Smithson (Ewing), 62 Ludwig, George H., 40–42 Lundström, Sven, 51 MacKay, Charles, 65 Magnetic Crusade, 14, 19 Magnuson, Warren, 29 Maguire, Rochefort, 91–92 Marble Point, Antarctica. See Antarctica Mars Exploration Program, 393 Marsh, H. Richmond, 100, 108 Marvin, Ursula, 389–390 Mason, Brian, 389, 390, 393 Mason, Otis, 66 Mather, Elsie, 85, 86, 87 Maury, Matthew Fontaine, 16 McCoy, Timothy, ix, 390 McGhee, Robert, 115 McMurdo Sound, as diving study area, 265–270
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Smithsonian at the Poles Contributi
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Contents FOREWORD by Ira Rubinoff i
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Elaina Jorgensen, Alaska Fisheries
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CONTENTS vii Watching Star Birth fr
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x SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES blooms i
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xii SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES Change
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xiv SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES Museum
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Advancing Polar Research and Commun
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James P. Espy (1785- 1860), the fi
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ology fueled hopes that the scienti
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Meteorologists also provided critic
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visualize weather patterns remotely
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in ice sheets. The latest collapse
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Cooperation at the Poles? Placing t
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British Association for the Advance
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cations, in which the Smithsonian s
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ence” (Robinson, 2006: 76), he ha
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Taylor, C. J. 1981. First Internati
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24 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KORSM
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36 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / De VO
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From Ballooning in the Arctic to 10
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ern Svalbard in 1896 (Capelotti, 19
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FIGURE 2. The Andrée campsite in 1
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National Zoo in Washington, D.C.—
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FROM BALLOONING TO 10,000-FOOT RUNW
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e rapidly deployed to South America
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“Of No Ordinary Importance”: Re
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1942). Ethnological collecting had
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group. More importantly, Murdoch’
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gan to study the question of Indian
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small museums and culture centers i
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fer of Alaskan objects and informat
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fi rst time in polar research— di
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Boas, Franz. 1888a. “The Central
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Lindsay, Debra. 1993. Science in th
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80 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / FIENU
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90 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / BURCH
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100 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / CROW
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From Tent to Trading Post and Back
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in befriending an extraordinary Inu
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The Smithsonian Institution’s pre
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of departure for research during th
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FIGURE 8. A drawing of the so-calle
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situated experiential education and
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the Past: Archaeologists, Native Am
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130 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KRUP
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144 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / PARK
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Brooding and Species Diversity in t
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iefl y consider below some of the i
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ment. Consequently, the selective e
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ated from the Antarctic. Strong cur
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the four main genera of brooding sc
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ing such cryptic speciation suggest
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LITERATURE CITED Absher, T. M., G.
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Madon-Senez, C. 1998. Disparité Mo
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Persistent Elevated Abundance of Oc
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ABUNDANCE OF ANTARCTIC OCTOPODS 199
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206 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / WINS
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Considerations of Anatomy, Morpholo
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Many theories have been hypothesize
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FIGURE 4. A three dimensional recon
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are wider and more bulbous in the a
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mimicked the shape and profi le of
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faces for SEM observation. The spec
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DISCUSSION Imaging and dissection o
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out its length. The pulp chamber al
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pulpal neurons and dentin tubules.
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Scientifi c Diving Under Ice: A 40-
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TABLE 2. Principal Investigators an
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attaching ice anchors to the chunks
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dumping of weight under water. The
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MARINE LIFE HAZARDS Few polar anima
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Urine should be copious and clear a
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Environmental and Molecular Mechani
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face (�1.8°C) are likely to pose
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FIGURE 2. Illustrated selection shi
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FIGURE 4. Distribution of respirati
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invertebrates were placed in the ba
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Meehan, R. R., D. S. Dunican, A. Ru
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266 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KOOY
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272 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / DUNT
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286 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / QUET
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300 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / NEAL
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310 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / SMIT
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320 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KIEB
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Capital Expenditure and Income (For
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tal breeding systems (Boyd, 1998; T
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FIGURE 3. Pup mass gain in relation
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MONITORING FOOD CONSUMPTION DURING
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primary productivity in McMurdo Sou
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Non-steady-State Systems. Journal o
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Latitudinal Patterns of Biological
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Page 380 and 381: TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS AT THE S
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Page 384: J. M. Kovac, C. L. Kuo, A. E. Lange
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Page 398 and 399: Watching Star Birth from the Antarc
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Page 412 and 413: Index AAUS. See American Academy of
Page 414 and 415: temperature, 350-355 tourism, 354 B
Page 418 and 419: McMurdo Station, xiv, 265-267, 393
Page 420 and 421: Rogick, Mary, 206 Ronne, Finn, 55 R
Page 422: U.S. Naval Support Force Antarctica
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