Smithsonian at the Poles: Contributions to International Polar

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Persistent Elevated Abundance of Octopods in an Overfi shed Antarctic Area Michael Vecchione, Louise Allcock, Uwe Piatkowski, Elaina Jorgensen, and Iain Barratt Michael Vecchione, National Marine Fisheries Service, Systematics Laboratory, National Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 37012, MRC 153, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA. Louise Allcock, Martin Ryan Marine Science Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland. Uwe Piatkowski, Institute for Marine Research, Universitat Kiel, Dusternbrooker Weg 20, D-24105, Kiel, Germany. Elaina Jorgensen, National Marine Fisheries Service, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, 7600 Sand Point Way N.E., Seattle, WA 98115, USA. Iain Barratt, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK. Corresponding author: M. Vecchione (vecchiom@ si.edu). Accepted 19 May 2008. ABSTRACT. Trawl surveys conducted between 1996 and 2007 show that populations of octopods have signifi cantly higher abundances around Elephant Island, off the Antarctic Peninsula, than in similar areas nearby. This elevated abundance was fi rst detected following the cessation of commercial fi shing and has persisted for many years beyond, possibly indicating an enduring shift in the structure of the ecosystem. INTRODUCTION Concern about the effects of overfi shing on marine ecosystems has increased substantially in recent years (e.g., Jackson et al., 2001). One of these potential effects is a shift in the suite of dominant predators in the ecosystem (Fogarty and Murawski, 1998; Choi et al., 2004). Unusually high abundances of squids and octopods in some areas have been related to man’s removal of their fi nfi sh predators and competitors (Caddy and Rodhouse, 1998). Furthermore, anthropogenic changes in polar regions are of particular conservation concern (e.g., Smith et al., 2002). In Antarctica, a bottom-trawl fi shery primarily targeting mackerel icefi sh (Champsocephalus gunnari) and marbled notothenia (Notothenia rossii) developed in 1978 around Elephant Island, in the South Shetland Archipelago off the Antarctic Peninsula. The fi shery continued until 1988/1989 but rapidly depleted the populations of the target species (Kock and Stransky, 2000). We report here that in this overfi shed area, populations of octopods have signifi cantly higher abundances than in similar areas nearby. This elevated abundance has persisted for years beyond the cessation of commercial fi shing, possibly indicating an enduring shift in the structure of the ecosystem. MATERIALS AND METHODS R/V Polarstern cruises ANT XIV/2 (November– December 1996), ANT XIX/ 3 (January– February 2002), and ANT XXIII/8 (December 2006 to January 2007) were conducted to assess the status of fi sh stocks in the region around Elephant Island monitored internationally under the Convention on Conservation
198 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / VECCHIONE ET AL. of Antarctic Marine Living Resources. Sampling stations were selected randomly from depth strata between 50 and 500 m. These stations were sampled by 30-min tows with a large double-warp otter trawl. The 2002 cruise also conducted similar sampling off the southern South Shetland Islands and off Joinville Island across the Bransfi eld Strait (both areas with shelves of similar widths and depths to the Elephant Island area), as well as an intensive sampling series of 20 tows in a shallow-water grid near Elephant Island. The 2006– 2007 cruise similarly sampled additional stations across the Bransfi eld Strait close to the peninsula and in the western Weddell Sea (Figure 1). We identifi ed and counted all cephalopods collected on these cruises, including both the cod end sample and specimens entangled in the net mesh. The material included many more species than were recognized previous to this work (Allcock, FIGURE 1. Study area showing sampling locations. 2005). We fi rst noticed the abundance patterns reported here during the 2002 cruise and have since examined the 2006– 2007 cruise as a test of our unpublished 2002 hypothesis. Because the sample sizes, depths, etc., were balanced between the Elephant Island area and the out-groups in 2002, we emphasize these results and present the 1996 and 2006– 2007 results for temporal comparisons. For some of the comparisons presented below, we have eliminated the shallow-grid samples and pooled the observations from the southern South Shetland Islands, close to the Antarctic Peninsula, Joinville Island, and Weddell Sea (termed “out-groups” below) because this created similarsized sets of samples with similar ranges and variances in depth, a controlling factor in the abundance and diversity of Antarctic octopods (Figure 2). Intensive shallow-grid sampling was not conducted in the out-group areas. A
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Smithsonian at the Poles Contributi
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Contents FOREWORD by Ira Rubinoff i
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Elaina Jorgensen, Alaska Fisheries
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CONTENTS vii Watching Star Birth fr
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x SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES blooms i
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xii SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES Change
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xiv SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES Museum
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Advancing Polar Research and Commun
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James P. Espy (1785- 1860), the fi
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ology fueled hopes that the scienti
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Meteorologists also provided critic
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visualize weather patterns remotely
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in ice sheets. The latest collapse
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Cooperation at the Poles? Placing t
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British Association for the Advance
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cations, in which the Smithsonian s
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ence” (Robinson, 2006: 76), he ha
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Taylor, C. J. 1981. First Internati
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24 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KORSM
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36 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / De VO
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From Ballooning in the Arctic to 10
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ern Svalbard in 1896 (Capelotti, 19
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FIGURE 2. The Andrée campsite in 1
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National Zoo in Washington, D.C.—
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FROM BALLOONING TO 10,000-FOOT RUNW
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e rapidly deployed to South America
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“Of No Ordinary Importance”: Re
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1942). Ethnological collecting had
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group. More importantly, Murdoch’
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gan to study the question of Indian
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small museums and culture centers i
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fer of Alaskan objects and informat
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fi rst time in polar research— di
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Boas, Franz. 1888a. “The Central
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Lindsay, Debra. 1993. Science in th
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80 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / FIENU
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90 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / BURCH
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100 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / CROW
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From Tent to Trading Post and Back
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in befriending an extraordinary Inu
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The Smithsonian Institution’s pre
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of departure for research during th
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FIGURE 8. A drawing of the so-calle
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situated experiential education and
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the Past: Archaeologists, Native Am
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130 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KRUP
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144 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / PARK
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Page 198 and 199: Brooding and Species Diversity in t
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Page 208 and 209: ing such cryptic speciation suggest
Page 210 and 211: LITERATURE CITED Absher, T. M., G.
Page 212 and 213: Madon-Senez, C. 1998. Disparité Mo
Page 216 and 217: ABUNDANCE OF ANTARCTIC OCTOPODS 199
Page 218 and 219: ABUNDANCE OF ANTARCTIC OCTOPODS 201
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Page 240 and 241: Considerations of Anatomy, Morpholo
Page 242 and 243: Many theories have been hypothesize
Page 244 and 245: FIGURE 4. A three dimensional recon
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Page 252 and 253: DISCUSSION Imaging and dissection o
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Page 258 and 259: Scientifi c Diving Under Ice: A 40-
Page 260 and 261: TABLE 2. Principal Investigators an
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dumping of weight under water. The
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MARINE LIFE HAZARDS Few polar anima
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Urine should be copious and clear a
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Environmental and Molecular Mechani
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face (�1.8°C) are likely to pose
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FIGURE 2. Illustrated selection shi
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FIGURE 4. Distribution of respirati
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invertebrates were placed in the ba
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Meehan, R. R., D. S. Dunican, A. Ru
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266 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KOOY
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272 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / DUNT
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286 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / QUET
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300 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / NEAL
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310 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / SMIT
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320 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KIEB
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Capital Expenditure and Income (For
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tal breeding systems (Boyd, 1998; T
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FIGURE 3. Pup mass gain in relation
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MONITORING FOOD CONSUMPTION DURING
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primary productivity in McMurdo Sou
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Non-steady-State Systems. Journal o
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Latitudinal Patterns of Biological
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and perhaps others, may have invade
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colonizing the Arctic Ocean under c
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due in part to the great distances
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and (2) human-mediated responses to
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Lewis, P. N., M. Riddle, and C. L.
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Cosmology from Antarctica Robert W.
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There they found better observing c
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TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS AT THE S
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Gaier, T., J. Schuster, and P. Lubi
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J. M. Kovac, C. L. Kuo, A. E. Lange
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370 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / MART
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372 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / MART
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374 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / WALK
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Watching Star Birth from the Antarc
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STAR BIRTH FROM THE ANTARCTIC PLATE
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is constructing and deploying the P
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Antarctic Meteorites: Exploring the
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at the Field Museum, and pieces wer
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the description and curation of Ant
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led these committees throughout the
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Index AAUS. See American Academy of
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temperature, 350-355 tourism, 354 B
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Fishing. See also Biological invasi
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McMurdo Station, xiv, 265-267, 393
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Rogick, Mary, 206 Ronne, Finn, 55 R
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U.S. Naval Support Force Antarctica
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