Smithsonian at the Poles: Contributions to International Polar

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Rogick, Mary, 206 Ronne, Finn, 55 Ronne, Jackie, 55 Roosevelt, Franklin, 54 Rose, Donna, 83 Ross, James Clark, 15 Rossby, Carl Gustav, 26 Rosse, Irving, 64 Ross Ice Shelf, 8, 151 Ross Sea, 206, 207, 211, 218, 299–306, 319–331, 336. See also Chromophoric dissolved organic matter; Phaeocystis antarctica; Phytoplankton seals, 266–267 emperor penguins, 268 productivity, 312–316 Russell, Sara, 390 Russia, 70. See also Soviet Union Russian Academy of Sciences, 63 Russian Institute of Cultural and Natural Heritage, 133–134 R/V Challenger (1873–1876), 144, 181, 187, 189 R/V Hero (1968–1982), 206 R/V Nathaniel B. Palmer, 302, 321 R/V Polarstern, 197–202, 290 R/V Proteus, 272 Sabine, Edward, 15, 16, 17 Saclamana, Marie, 100 Salinity kelp productivity, 272, 274, 278, 281, 282 nonpelagic development, 184 Satellites cosmic microwave background (CMB), 360 IGY, 9, 23, 24, 36, 37 NASM collection, 38–42 Nimbus 7, 310 oceanographic studies, 309–310, 320 ORBView-2, 310 TV-3, 39, 40 Schoolcraft, Henry, 62 Science–The Endless Frontier (Bush), 25–26 Sco-Cen star-forming region, 384 Scotia Arc region, 186–187, 192, 206 Scott, Robert Falcon, 51 Scott Polar Research Institute, 18 Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 241–242 Scuba diving. See Diving Sea Ice Knowledge and Use: Assessing Arctic Environmental and Social Change (SIKU), 133–138 Sea-ice microbial communities (SIMCOs), 288–289, 290–291, 292, 293, 294, 295 Sea ice. See also Climate change; Emperor penguins; Weddell seals; Yupik Eskimos INDEX 403 formation, 66–67 Savoonga, Alaska, observations from, 134–135, 138 Sea level, rise of, 11 Seals. See also Weddell seals climate change, 138 diving behavior, 267–268 diving hazard, 249 diving physiology, 268–269 krill in diet, 286 lactation, 336–337 Yup’ik language, 86 Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS), 310–311, 328 Senungetuk, Ronald, 69 Serov, Sergei, 70 Shumaker, Brian, 59 SIKU. See Sea Ice Knowledge and Use: Assessing Arctic Environmental and Social Change Silook, Paul, 132, 134 Simmonds, Doreen, 100 Simpson, John, 91–92, 94, 108 Simpson, Thomas, 90 Singer, S. Fred, 38 Siple, Paul, 24, 54 Sky noise, 362 Smith, Middleton, 92, 93 Smithsonian Institution. See also Arctic Studies Center; Exhibits; Expeditions arctic studies, 61–74 Alaska connection of, revitalizing, 70–72 Eskimo art, public discovery, 67–70 ethnological collecting, 62–65, 89–96 historical contributions, 61–62 IPY-1 participation, 61–62, 64–65, 89–96 IPY-4 participation, 72–74 meteorite program participation, 389–393 professional staff, development of, 65–66 purchasing or bartering by, 94, 99–100, 101 Scientifi c Diving Program, xiv, 242 Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO), xiv Smithsonian Environment Research Center (SERC), xiv Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center (SOSC), xiv, 144, 206 whaling collections, 99–111 Yup’ik contributions to research, 79–88 Solar radiation. See Chromophoric dissolved organic matter; Ross Sea Sonnenfi eld, Joseph, 95–96 Sörlin, Sverker, 51 Southern Ocean. 143–169, 181–192, 309–317. See also Pelagic calanoid copepods; Ross Sea British Discovery Committee, 144 brooding species, 181–192
404 INDEX crustaceans, 191–192 iron concentration, 314–315 krill as foundation species, 285–287 productivity, 309–317 satellite studies, 309–310 temperature, 310–311, 313–314, 315–317 South Pole, as observatory site, 361–364 South Shetland Islands bryozoan study, 207–219 octopod abundance, 197–202 Soviet Union cultural exchange, 69–70 IGY participation, 29–31, 36 Soviet Antarctic expeditions (1955–1958), 144 Space age origins, and IGY, 35–47 Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I), 311 Spectroscopic imaging, high-resolution, 375 Spencer, Robert F., 95 Splettstoesser, John, 59 Spude, Catherine, 55 Spude, Robert, 55 Sputnik 1, 37, 38–39 SS Vikingen expedition (1929–1930), 144 Standards of the Conduct of Scientifi c Diving, 242 Star birth (formation), 381–386 Chamaeleon region, 382 HEAT observations, 374–375 Lupus region, 382–384 observing, from Antarctic Plateau, 381–386 rho Ophiuchi region, 382, 384 Star formation. See Star birth Stefansson Sound Boulder Patch, kelp productivity, 271–283 STELLA ANTARCTICA, 384, 385 Stevens, Ann, 69 Stevens, Ted, 69 Stewart, James R., 241–242 Stewart, T. Dale, 67, 69 Strindberg, Nils, 51, 53 Sturtevant, William C., 68 Submillimeter Polarimeter for Antarctic Remote Observing (SPARO), 363 Subtropical Convergence, 145, 147 Sullivan, Walter, 31, 35 Sunyaev–Zel’dovich effect (SZE), 363 “Superstitions of the Eskimo” (Smith), 93 Swan, James G., 64 Tasmanian Gateway, 186–187 Taylor, C. J., 14, 15 Telegraph astronomy, 16–17 Meteorological Project, 3, 15–16 polar research, 18, 63 Telescopes. See also Antarctic Submillimeter Telescope and Remote Observatory; High Elevation Antarctic Terahertz Telescope Antarctic Searching for Transiting Extrasolar Planets (ASTEP), 385 Center for Astrophysical Research, x, 361 Degree-Angular Scale Interferometer (DASI), 361, 363 International Robotic Antarctic Infrared Telescope (IRAIT), 385 Project Moonwatch, 38 Python, 361, 362 QUEST (Q and U Extra-Galactic Sub-mm Telescope), 364 South Pole, x, xiv, 364 South Pole Infrared Explorer (SPIREX), 361 Viper, 361, 363 White Dish, 361 Temperature. See also Cold adaptation biological invasion, 350–355 cosmological observations, 360 diving, 250 kelp productivity, 272, 274, 278, 280–281, 282 nonpelagic development, 183 Southern Ocean, 310–311, 314 Terra Nova Bay, 266–267 Terra Nova collections, 144 Thomas, Twyla, 390 Thompson, Tommy, 241 Thorson’s rule, 181–182, 187 Toovak, Kenneth, 100, 106–107, 108, 110 Total suspended solids (TSS). See Kelp, arctic Tousey, Richard, 45–46 Traditional ecological knowledge (TEK), 133 Tupek, Karen, 55 Turner, J. Henry, 100 Turner, Lucien collections, 80 ethnological studies, 64, 65, 71, 117–121, 131–132 Fort Chimo (Kuujjuaq), 119–120 and Innu/Inuit peoples, 65, 119–121 Turner, Mort, 389 “Tusking,” 238 Udvar Hazy Center, 46 Ultraviolet light CDOM screening, 319–320 productivity, 299–306 UNESCO, 28, 31 Ungava Bay, 64, 117–118 U.S. Antarctic Diving Program, x, 241–251 U.S. Antarctic Meteorite Program, ix, xiv, 388–394 U.S. Antarctic Research Program (USARP) bryozoans, 206–208, 218 pelagic calanoid copepods, 144–145, 146, 169
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Smithsonian at the Poles Contributi
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Contents FOREWORD by Ira Rubinoff i
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Elaina Jorgensen, Alaska Fisheries
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CONTENTS vii Watching Star Birth fr
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x SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES blooms i
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xii SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES Change
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xiv SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES Museum
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Advancing Polar Research and Commun
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James P. Espy (1785- 1860), the fi
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ology fueled hopes that the scienti
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Meteorologists also provided critic
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visualize weather patterns remotely
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in ice sheets. The latest collapse
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Cooperation at the Poles? Placing t
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British Association for the Advance
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cations, in which the Smithsonian s
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ence” (Robinson, 2006: 76), he ha
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Taylor, C. J. 1981. First Internati
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24 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KORSM
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36 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / De VO
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From Ballooning in the Arctic to 10
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ern Svalbard in 1896 (Capelotti, 19
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FIGURE 2. The Andrée campsite in 1
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National Zoo in Washington, D.C.—
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FROM BALLOONING TO 10,000-FOOT RUNW
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e rapidly deployed to South America
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“Of No Ordinary Importance”: Re
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1942). Ethnological collecting had
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group. More importantly, Murdoch’
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gan to study the question of Indian
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small museums and culture centers i
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fer of Alaskan objects and informat
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fi rst time in polar research— di
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Boas, Franz. 1888a. “The Central
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Lindsay, Debra. 1993. Science in th
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80 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / FIENU
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90 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / BURCH
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100 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / CROW
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From Tent to Trading Post and Back
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in befriending an extraordinary Inu
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The Smithsonian Institution’s pre
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of departure for research during th
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FIGURE 8. A drawing of the so-calle
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situated experiential education and
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the Past: Archaeologists, Native Am
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130 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KRUP
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144 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / PARK
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Brooding and Species Diversity in t
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iefl y consider below some of the i
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ment. Consequently, the selective e
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ated from the Antarctic. Strong cur
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the four main genera of brooding sc
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ing such cryptic speciation suggest
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LITERATURE CITED Absher, T. M., G.
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Madon-Senez, C. 1998. Disparité Mo
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Persistent Elevated Abundance of Oc
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ABUNDANCE OF ANTARCTIC OCTOPODS 199
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206 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / WINS
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Considerations of Anatomy, Morpholo
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Many theories have been hypothesize
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FIGURE 4. A three dimensional recon
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are wider and more bulbous in the a
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mimicked the shape and profi le of
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faces for SEM observation. The spec
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DISCUSSION Imaging and dissection o
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out its length. The pulp chamber al
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pulpal neurons and dentin tubules.
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Scientifi c Diving Under Ice: A 40-
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TABLE 2. Principal Investigators an
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attaching ice anchors to the chunks
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dumping of weight under water. The
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MARINE LIFE HAZARDS Few polar anima
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Urine should be copious and clear a
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Environmental and Molecular Mechani
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face (�1.8°C) are likely to pose
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FIGURE 2. Illustrated selection shi
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FIGURE 4. Distribution of respirati
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invertebrates were placed in the ba
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Meehan, R. R., D. S. Dunican, A. Ru
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266 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KOOY
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272 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / DUNT
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286 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / QUET
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300 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / NEAL
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310 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / SMIT
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320 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KIEB
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Capital Expenditure and Income (For
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tal breeding systems (Boyd, 1998; T
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FIGURE 3. Pup mass gain in relation
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MONITORING FOOD CONSUMPTION DURING
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primary productivity in McMurdo Sou
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Non-steady-State Systems. Journal o
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Latitudinal Patterns of Biological
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and perhaps others, may have invade
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colonizing the Arctic Ocean under c
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Page 384: J. M. Kovac, C. L. Kuo, A. E. Lange
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Page 398 and 399: Watching Star Birth from the Antarc
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Page 412 and 413: Index AAUS. See American Academy of
Page 414 and 415: temperature, 350-355 tourism, 354 B
Page 416 and 417: Fishing. See also Biological invasi
Page 418 and 419: McMurdo Station, xiv, 265-267, 393
Page 422: U.S. Naval Support Force Antarctica
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