Smithsonian at the Poles: Contributions to International Polar

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Contents FOREWORD by Ira Rubinoff ix EXECUTIVE SUMMARY by Michael A. Lang xii INTRODUCTION by Igor Krupnik, Michael A. Lang, and Scott E. Miller xiv IPY HISTORIES AND LEGACIES Advancing Polar Research and Communicating Its Wonders: Quests, Questions, and Capabilities of Weather and Climate Studies in International Polar Years 1 James R. Fleming, Colby College Cara Seitchek, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Cooperation at the Poles? Placing the First International Polar Year in the Context of Nineteenth-Century Scientifi c Exploration and Collaboration 13 Marc Rothenberg, National Science Foundation The Policy Process and the International Geophysical Year, 1957–1958 23 Fae L. Korsmo, National Science Foundation Preserving the Origins of the Space Age: The Material Legacy of the International Geophysical Year (1957–1958) at the National Air and Space Museum 35 David H. DeVorkin, National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution From Ballooning in the Arctic to 10,000-Foot Runways in Antarctica: Lessons from Historic Archaeology 49 Noel D. Broadbent, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution
iv SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES CULTURAL STUDIES “Of No Ordinary Importance”: Reversing Polarities in Smithsonian Arctic Studies 61 William W. Fitzhugh, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution Yup’ik Eskimo Contributions to Arctic Research at the Smithsonian 79 Ann Fienup-Riordan, National Museum of Natural History Arctic Studies Center, Anchorage Smithsonian Contributions to Alaskan Ethnography: The First IPY Expedition to Barrow, 1881–1883 89 Ernest S. Burch Jr., National Museum of Natural History Arctic Studies Center, Camp Hill The Art of Iñupiaq Whaling: Elders’ Interpretations of International Polar Year Ethnological Collections 99 Aron L. Crowell, National Museum of Natural History Arctic Studies Center, Anchorage From Tent to Trading Post and Back Again: Smithsonian Anthropology in Nunavut, Nunavik, Nitassinan, and Nunatsiavut—The Changing IPY Agenda, 1882–2007 115 Stephen Loring, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution “The Way We See It Coming”: Building the Legacy of Indigenous Observations in IPY 2007–2008 129 Igor Krupnik, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution SYSTEMATICS AND BIOLOGY OF POLAR ORGANISMS Species Diversity and Distributions of Pelagic Calanoid Copepods from the Southern Ocean 143 E. Taisoo Park, Texas A&M University Frank D. Ferrari, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution Brooding and Species Diversity in the Southern Ocean: Selection for Brooders or Speciation within Brooding Clades? 181 John S. Pearse, University of California, Santa Cruz Richard Mooi, California Academy of Sciences Susanne J. Lockhart, California Academy of Sciences Angelika Brandt, Zoologisches Institut und Zoologisches Museum, Hamburg Persistent Elevated Abundance of Octopods in an Overfi shed Antarctic Area 197 Michael Vecchione, National Marine Fisheries Service Louise Allcock, Queen’s University Belfast Uwe Piatkowski, Universitat Kiel, Germany
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Page 18 and 19: Advancing Polar Research and Commun
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Page 26 and 27: visualize weather patterns remotely
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From Ballooning in the Arctic to 10
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ern Svalbard in 1896 (Capelotti, 19
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FIGURE 2. The Andrée campsite in 1
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National Zoo in Washington, D.C.—
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FROM BALLOONING TO 10,000-FOOT RUNW
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e rapidly deployed to South America
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“Of No Ordinary Importance”: Re
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1942). Ethnological collecting had
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group. More importantly, Murdoch’
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gan to study the question of Indian
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small museums and culture centers i
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fer of Alaskan objects and informat
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fi rst time in polar research— di
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Boas, Franz. 1888a. “The Central
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Lindsay, Debra. 1993. Science in th
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90 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / BURCH
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100 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / CROW
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From Tent to Trading Post and Back
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in befriending an extraordinary Inu
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The Smithsonian Institution’s pre
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of departure for research during th
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FIGURE 8. A drawing of the so-calle
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situated experiential education and
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the Past: Archaeologists, Native Am
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144 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / PARK
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Brooding and Species Diversity in t
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iefl y consider below some of the i
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ment. Consequently, the selective e
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ated from the Antarctic. Strong cur
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the four main genera of brooding sc
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ing such cryptic speciation suggest
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LITERATURE CITED Absher, T. M., G.
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Madon-Senez, C. 1998. Disparité Mo
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Persistent Elevated Abundance of Oc
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ABUNDANCE OF ANTARCTIC OCTOPODS 199
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Considerations of Anatomy, Morpholo
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Many theories have been hypothesize
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FIGURE 4. A three dimensional recon
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are wider and more bulbous in the a
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mimicked the shape and profi le of
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faces for SEM observation. The spec
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DISCUSSION Imaging and dissection o
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out its length. The pulp chamber al
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pulpal neurons and dentin tubules.
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Scientifi c Diving Under Ice: A 40-
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TABLE 2. Principal Investigators an
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attaching ice anchors to the chunks
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dumping of weight under water. The
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MARINE LIFE HAZARDS Few polar anima
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Urine should be copious and clear a
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Environmental and Molecular Mechani
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face (�1.8°C) are likely to pose
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FIGURE 2. Illustrated selection shi
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FIGURE 4. Distribution of respirati
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invertebrates were placed in the ba
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Meehan, R. R., D. S. Dunican, A. Ru
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286 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / QUET
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Capital Expenditure and Income (For
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tal breeding systems (Boyd, 1998; T
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FIGURE 3. Pup mass gain in relation
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MONITORING FOOD CONSUMPTION DURING
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primary productivity in McMurdo Sou
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Non-steady-State Systems. Journal o
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Latitudinal Patterns of Biological
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and perhaps others, may have invade
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colonizing the Arctic Ocean under c
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due in part to the great distances
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and (2) human-mediated responses to
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Lewis, P. N., M. Riddle, and C. L.
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Cosmology from Antarctica Robert W.
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There they found better observing c
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TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS AT THE S
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Gaier, T., J. Schuster, and P. Lubi
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J. M. Kovac, C. L. Kuo, A. E. Lange
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374 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / WALK
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Watching Star Birth from the Antarc
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STAR BIRTH FROM THE ANTARCTIC PLATE
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is constructing and deploying the P
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Antarctic Meteorites: Exploring the
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at the Field Museum, and pieces wer
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the description and curation of Ant
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led these committees throughout the
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Index AAUS. See American Academy of
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temperature, 350-355 tourism, 354 B
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Fishing. See also Biological invasi
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McMurdo Station, xiv, 265-267, 393
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Rogick, Mary, 206 Ronne, Finn, 55 R
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U.S. Naval Support Force Antarctica
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