Smithsonian at the Poles: Contributions to International Polar

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PELAGIC CALANOID COPEPODS OF THE SOUTHERN OCEAN 157 TABLE 5. Abundances and locations of subantarctic deepwater calanoid species absent south of the Antarctic Convergence that occur north of the Subtropical Convergence. 1, south temperate; 2, tropical; 3, north temperate; 4, subarctic; 5, Arctic basin. Abundance in Southern Ocean: CC, very common; C, common; R, rare. A “�” indicates presence. Region Species name Abundance 1 2 3 4 5 Species ranging from subantarctic to south temperate region (6 spp.) Euaugaptilus aliquantus R � Euaugaptilus brevirostratus R � Heterorhabdus spinosus CC � Heterorhabdus paraspinosus C � Paraeuchaeta exigua C � Scolecithricella pseudopropinqua R � Species ranging from subantarctic to tropical region (2 spp.) Euchirella similis R � � Landrumius gigas R � � Species ranging from subantarctic to north temperate region (31 spp.) Aetideus arcuatus R � � � Euaugaptilus angustus R � � Euaugaptilus gibbus R � � Euaugaptilus laticeps R � � � Euaugaptilus oblongus R � Euchirella rostrata R � � � Gaetanus minor R � � � Gaetanus pileatus R � � � Heterorhabdus lobatus C � � � Lophothrix frontalis C � � � Metridia lucens R � � � Metridia venusta R � � � Paraeuchaeta comosa R � � � Paraeuchaeta pseudotonsa C � � � Paraeuchaeta sarsi R � � � Paraeuchaeta scotti R � � � Pleuromamma abdominalis R � � � Pleuromamma peseki R � � � Pleuromamma quadrungulata R � � � Pleuromamma xiphias R � � � Scaphocalanus cristatus R � Scaphocalanus echinatus CC � � � Scaphocalanus medius C � � Scolecithricella dentata R � � � Scolecithricella profunda R � � � Scolecithricella vittata R � � � Scottocalanus securifrons C � � � Scottocalanus helenae R � � � Undeuchaeta major R � � � Undeuchaeta plumosa R � � � Valdiviella minor R � � � Species ranging from subantarctic to subarctic waters (10 spp.) Centraugaptilus rattrayi R � � � � Chirundina streetsii R � � � � Disseta palumbii R � � � � Euchirella maxima R � � � � Gaetanus kruppii R � � � � Gaetanus latifrons R � � � � Metridia brevicauda R � � � � Paraeuchaeta hansenii R � � � � Scottocalanus thorii R � � Undinella brevipes R � � Species ranging from subantarctic to Arctic basin (1 sp.) Paraheterorhabdus compactus R � � � �
158 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / PARK AND FERRARI In summary, there are 84 species of deepwater calanoid copepods that occur south of the Antarctic Convergence and have also been reported northward to different degrees; 86% of these species have been reported at least as far north as the north temperate region. Two of the seven species occurring from the Antarctic region to the south temperate region are common or very common in the Southern Ocean, while one of the fi ve species found from the Antarctic region north to the tropical region is very common in the Southern Ocean. Seven of the 29 species reported from the Antarctic region and the north temperate region are common or very common in the Southern Ocean. Four of the 30 species from the Antarctic region and reported as far north as the subarctic region are common or very common in the Southern Ocean. Only 3 of the 13 species found in the Arctic Ocean are common or very common in the Southern Ocean. These observations suggest that most (80%) of the rare or very rare deepwater species occurring in the Antarctic region appear to be distributed widely throughout the world’s oceans, where they also are rare or very rare deepwater species. However, there are a small number (17) of deepwater species that may be collected in large numbers in the Southern Ocean that are widely distributed and rare or very rare outside of the Southern Ocean. In contrast to the epipelagic calanoid community, the deepwater pelagic calanoid community of the Southern Ocean is represented by a very diverse group of species. Many of the endemic species collected in the Southern Ocean are common or very common there, apparently having adapted to the high primary and secondary productivity (Park, 1994). Interestingly, a few of the species collected in other regions are also very common in the Southern Ocean, although they are known from only a few specimens throughout the rest of their range. These species appear to be capable of surviving in habitats of low productivity, and yet they can maintain larger populations in some eutrophic habitats like the Southern Ocean. This small number of deepwater species of pelagic calanoid copepods may also be well adapted to high primary and secondary productivity of the Southern Ocean, and this adaptation may result in relatively larger numbers of specimens (Park, 1994). SUBANTARCTIC DEEPWATER CALANOIDS REPORTED NORTH OF THE SUBTROPICAL CONVERGENCE Of the 167 deepwater calanoid species found in the subantarctic region, between the Antarctic Convergence and Subtropical Convergence, seven are endemic to that region; 110 species were also collected south of the Antarctic Convergence. The remaining 50 species are not collected south of the Antarctic Convergence, but their distribution does extend north of the Subtropical Convergence (Table 5). Six species (12%) can be found in the south temperate region, and two (4%) have been collected in the tropical region. There are records of 31 species (62%) in the north temperate region, 10 species (20%) in the subarctic region, and 1 species (2%) from the Arctic basin. Of the six species ranging from the subantarctic to the south temperate regions, Heterorhabdus spinosus is very common, and H. paraspinosus and Paraeuchaeta exigua are common in the subantarctic region. The two species of Heterorhabdus occur together and have been collected from only three other widely separated areas: off the west coast of South Africa, off the southern west coast of Chile, and off the east coast of New Zealand and in the Tasman Sea. Paraeuchaeta exigua has been found in four widely separated areas: the eastern and the western parts of the South Atlantic Ocean, the Tasman Sea, and the western Indian Ocean, where it is very common (Park, 1995). These three species apparently are associated with habitats of high secondary productivity, especially coastal upwelling systems. The remaining three species have been found only once and remain poorly known. Only two species, Euchirella similis and Landrumius gigas, have been reported from the subantarctic region to the tropical region. They are very rare in the subantarctic region and remain poorly known. All 31 species ranging from the subantarctic region to the north temperate region were originally described from the low or middle latitudes and subsequently have been reported from the subantarctic region. All are believed to be mesopelagic or bathypelagic except for two relatively shallow living species, Scolecithricella dentata and Scolecithricella vittata. Twenty-fi ve of the species are rare in the subantarctic region, and fi ve species, Scottocalanus securifrons, Paraeuchaeta pseudotonsa, Lophothrix frontalis, Scaphocalanus medius, and Heterorhabdus lobatus, are common. Only Scaphocalanus echinatus is very common in the subantarctic region. Ten of the subantarctic species have been found as far north as the subarctic region. They are all rare deepwater calanoids. Paraheterorhabdus compactus is the only species known to occur from the subantarctic region north to the Arctic basin; it is bathypelagic and occurs in small numbers throughout its range (Park, 2000). In summary, there are 50 species that are absent south of the Antarctic Convergence but are found in the subantarctic region and northward to varying degrees. Eighty-
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Smithsonian at the Poles Contributi
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Contents FOREWORD by Ira Rubinoff i
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Elaina Jorgensen, Alaska Fisheries
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CONTENTS vii Watching Star Birth fr
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x SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES blooms i
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xii SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES Change
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xiv SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES Museum
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Advancing Polar Research and Commun
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James P. Espy (1785- 1860), the fi
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ology fueled hopes that the scienti
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Meteorologists also provided critic
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visualize weather patterns remotely
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in ice sheets. The latest collapse
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Cooperation at the Poles? Placing t
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British Association for the Advance
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cations, in which the Smithsonian s
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ence” (Robinson, 2006: 76), he ha
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Taylor, C. J. 1981. First Internati
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24 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KORSM
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36 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / De VO
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From Ballooning in the Arctic to 10
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ern Svalbard in 1896 (Capelotti, 19
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FIGURE 2. The Andrée campsite in 1
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National Zoo in Washington, D.C.—
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FROM BALLOONING TO 10,000-FOOT RUNW
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e rapidly deployed to South America
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“Of No Ordinary Importance”: Re
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1942). Ethnological collecting had
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group. More importantly, Murdoch’
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gan to study the question of Indian
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small museums and culture centers i
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fer of Alaskan objects and informat
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fi rst time in polar research— di
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Boas, Franz. 1888a. “The Central
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Lindsay, Debra. 1993. Science in th
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80 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / FIENU
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90 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / BURCH
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100 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / CROW
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Page 144: the Past: Archaeologists, Native Am
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Page 198 and 199: Brooding and Species Diversity in t
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Page 208 and 209: ing such cryptic speciation suggest
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Page 212 and 213: Madon-Senez, C. 1998. Disparité Mo
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208 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / WINS
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Considerations of Anatomy, Morpholo
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Many theories have been hypothesize
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FIGURE 4. A three dimensional recon
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are wider and more bulbous in the a
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mimicked the shape and profi le of
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faces for SEM observation. The spec
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DISCUSSION Imaging and dissection o
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out its length. The pulp chamber al
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pulpal neurons and dentin tubules.
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Scientifi c Diving Under Ice: A 40-
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TABLE 2. Principal Investigators an
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attaching ice anchors to the chunks
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dumping of weight under water. The
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MARINE LIFE HAZARDS Few polar anima
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Urine should be copious and clear a
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Environmental and Molecular Mechani
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face (�1.8°C) are likely to pose
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FIGURE 2. Illustrated selection shi
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FIGURE 4. Distribution of respirati
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invertebrates were placed in the ba
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Meehan, R. R., D. S. Dunican, A. Ru
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266 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KOOY
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272 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / DUNT
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286 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / QUET
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300 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / NEAL
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310 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / SMIT
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320 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KIEB
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Capital Expenditure and Income (For
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tal breeding systems (Boyd, 1998; T
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FIGURE 3. Pup mass gain in relation
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MONITORING FOOD CONSUMPTION DURING
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primary productivity in McMurdo Sou
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Non-steady-State Systems. Journal o
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Latitudinal Patterns of Biological
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and perhaps others, may have invade
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colonizing the Arctic Ocean under c
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due in part to the great distances
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and (2) human-mediated responses to
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Lewis, P. N., M. Riddle, and C. L.
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Cosmology from Antarctica Robert W.
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There they found better observing c
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TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS AT THE S
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Gaier, T., J. Schuster, and P. Lubi
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J. M. Kovac, C. L. Kuo, A. E. Lange
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370 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / MART
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372 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / MART
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374 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / WALK
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Watching Star Birth from the Antarc
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STAR BIRTH FROM THE ANTARCTIC PLATE
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is constructing and deploying the P
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Antarctic Meteorites: Exploring the
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at the Field Museum, and pieces wer
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the description and curation of Ant
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led these committees throughout the
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Index AAUS. See American Academy of
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temperature, 350-355 tourism, 354 B
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Fishing. See also Biological invasi
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McMurdo Station, xiv, 265-267, 393
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Rogick, Mary, 206 Ronne, Finn, 55 R
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U.S. Naval Support Force Antarctica
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