Smithsonian at the Poles: Contributions to International Polar

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Cullen, J. J., and P. J. Neale. 1997. “Biological Weighting Functions for Describing the Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation on Aquatic Systems.” In Effects of Ozone Depletion on Aquatic Ecosystems, ed. D.-P. Häder, pp. 97– 118. Austin, Tex.: R. G. Landes. de Mora, S. J., S. Demers, and M. Vernet, eds. 2000. The Effects of UV Radiation on Marine Ecosystems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DiTullio, G. R., J. M. Grebmeier, K. R. Arrigo, M. P. Lizotte, D. H. Robinson, A. Leventer, J. P. Barry, M. L. VanWoert, and R. B. Dunbar. 2000. Rapid and Early Export of Phaeocystis Antarctica Blooms in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Nature, 404: 595– 598. DiTullio, G. R., and R. B. Dunbar, eds. 2004. Biogeochemistry of the Ross Sea. Washington, D.C.: AGU. Ducklow, H., C. Carlson, M. Church, D. Kirchman, and G. Steward. 2001. The Seasonal Development of Bacterioplankton in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, 1994– 97. Deep Sea Research II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 48: 4199– 4221. El-Sayed, S. Z., F. C. 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Modeling the Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation on Embryos of Calanus fi nmarchicus and Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) in a Mixing Environment. Limnology and Oceanography, 45: 1797– 1806. Lantz, K., P. Disterhoft, E. Early, A. Thompson, J. DeLuisi, J. Berndt, L. Harrison, P. Kiedron, J. Ehramjian, G. Bernhard, L. Cabasug, J. Robertson, W. Mou, T. Taylor, J. Slusser, D. Bigelow, B. Durham, G. Janson, D. Hayes, M. Beaubien, and A. Beaubien. 2002. The 1997 North American Interagency Intercomparison of Ultraviolet Spectroradiometers Including Narrowband Filter Radiometers. Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, 107: 19– 62. Lubin, D., B. G. Mitchell, J. E. Frederick, A. D. Alberts, C. R. Booth, T. Lucas, and D. Neuschuler. 1992. A Contribution toward Understanding the Biospherical Signifi cance of Antarctic Ozone Depletion. Journal of Geophysical Research, 97: 7817– 7828. Lyons, M. M., P. Aas, J. D. Pakulski, L. Van Waasbergen, R. V. Miller, D. L. Mitchell, and W. H. Jeffrey. 1998. DNA Damage Induced by Ultraviolet Radiation in Coral-Reef Microbial Communities. Marine Biology, 130: 537– 543. Malloy, K. D., M. A. Holman, D. Mitchell, and H. W. Detrich III. 1997. Solar UVB-Induced DNA Damage and Photoenzymatic Repair in Antarctic Zooplankton. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 94: 1258– 1263. Meador, J., W. H. Jeffrey, J. P. Kase, J. D. Pakulski, S. Chiarello, and D. L. Mitchell. 2002. Seasonal Fluctuation of DNA Photodamage in Marine Plankton Assemblages at Palmer Station, Antarctica. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 75: 266– 271. Mitchell, B. G. 1990. “Action Spectra of Ultraviolet Photoinhibition of Antarctic Phytoplankton and a Model of Spectral Diffuse Attenuation Coeffi cients.” In Response of Marine Phytoplankton to Natural Variations in UV-B Flux, ed. B. G. Mitchell, O. Holm-Hansen, and I. Sobolev, Appendix H, pp. 1– 15. Washington, D.C.: Chemical Manufacturers Association. Neale, P. J., R. F. Davis, and J. J. Cullen. 1998. Interactive Effects of Ozone Depletion and Vertical Mixing on Photosynthesis of Antarctic Phytoplankton. Nature, 392: 585– 589. Neale, P. J., E. W. Helbling, and H. E. Zagarese. 2003. “Modulation of UV Exposure and Effects by Vertical Mixing and Advection.” In UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, ed. E. W. Helbling and H. E. Zagarese, pp. 107– 134. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry. Neale, P. J., C. Sobrino, L. A. Franklin, and J. D. Phillips-Kress. 2005. “Ultraviolet Radiation Effects on Diatoms and Phaeocystis antarctica in the Ross Sea Polynya.” In Phaeocystis, Major Link in the Biogeochemical Cycling of Elements, p. 16. SCOR Working Group, No. 120. Groeningen, Netherlands: SCOR Working Group. Pakulski, J. D., J. A. Meador, J. P. Kase, and W. H. Jeffrey. 2007. Effect of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion and Enhanced Ultraviolet Radiation on Marine Bacteria at Palmer Station, Antarctica in the Early Austral Spring. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 83: 1– 7. Peloquin, J. A., and W. O. Smith. 2007. Phytoplankton Blooms in the Ross Sea, Antarctica: Interannual Variability in Magnitude, Temporal Patterns, and Composition. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112: C08013, doi: 10.1029/2006JC003816. Porter, K. G., and Y. S. Feig. 1980. The Use of DAPI for Identifying and Counting Aquatic Microfl ora. Limnology and Oceanography, 25: 243– 248. Smith, D. C., and F. A. Azam. 1992. A Simple, Economical Method for Measuring Bacterial Protein Synthesis Rates in Seawater Using 3h- Leucine. Marine Microbial Food Webs, 6: 107– 114. Smith, R. C., B. B. Prézelin, K. S. Baker, R. R. Bidigare, N. P. Boucher, T. Coley, D. Karentz, S. MacIntyre, H. A. Matlick, D. Menzies, M. Ondrusek, Z. Wan, and K. J. Waters. 1992. Ozone Depletion:
308 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / NEALE ET AL. Ultraviolet Radiation and Phytoplankton Biology in Antarctic Waters. Science, 255: 952– 959. Smith, W. O., Jr., and J. C. Comiso. 2009. “Southern Ocean Primary Productivity: Variability and a View to the Future.” In Smithsonian at the Poles: Contributions to International Polar Year Science, ed. I. Krupnik, M. A. Lang, and S. E. Miller, pp. 309– 318. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press. Smith, W. O., Jr., J. Marra, M. R. Hiscock, and R. T. Barber. 2000. The Seasonal Cycle of Phytoplankton Biomass and Primary Productivity in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Deep-Sea Research, Part II, 47: 3119– 3140. Vetter, R. D., A. Kurtzman, and T. Mori. 1999. Diel Cycles of DNA Damage and Repair in Eggs and Larvae of Northern Anchovy, Engraulis mordax, Exposed to Solar Ultraviolet Radiation. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 69: 27– 33. Visser, P. M., E. Snelder, A. J. Kop, P. Boelen, A. G. J. Buma, and F. C. van Duyl. 1999. Effects of UV Radiation on DNA Photodamage and Production in Bacterioplankton in the Coastal Caribbean Sea. Aquatic Microbial Ecology, 20: 49– 58.
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Smithsonian at the Poles Contributi
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Contents FOREWORD by Ira Rubinoff i
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Elaina Jorgensen, Alaska Fisheries
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CONTENTS vii Watching Star Birth fr
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x SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES blooms i
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xii SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES Change
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xiv SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES Museum
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Advancing Polar Research and Commun
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James P. Espy (1785- 1860), the fi
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ology fueled hopes that the scienti
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Meteorologists also provided critic
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visualize weather patterns remotely
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in ice sheets. The latest collapse
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Cooperation at the Poles? Placing t
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British Association for the Advance
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cations, in which the Smithsonian s
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ence” (Robinson, 2006: 76), he ha
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Taylor, C. J. 1981. First Internati
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24 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KORSM
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36 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / De VO
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From Ballooning in the Arctic to 10
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ern Svalbard in 1896 (Capelotti, 19
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FIGURE 2. The Andrée campsite in 1
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National Zoo in Washington, D.C.—
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FROM BALLOONING TO 10,000-FOOT RUNW
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e rapidly deployed to South America
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“Of No Ordinary Importance”: Re
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1942). Ethnological collecting had
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group. More importantly, Murdoch’
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gan to study the question of Indian
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small museums and culture centers i
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fer of Alaskan objects and informat
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fi rst time in polar research— di
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Boas, Franz. 1888a. “The Central
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Lindsay, Debra. 1993. Science in th
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80 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / FIENU
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90 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / BURCH
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100 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / CROW
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From Tent to Trading Post and Back
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in befriending an extraordinary Inu
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The Smithsonian Institution’s pre
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of departure for research during th
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FIGURE 8. A drawing of the so-calle
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situated experiential education and
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the Past: Archaeologists, Native Am
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130 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KRUP
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144 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / PARK
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Brooding and Species Diversity in t
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iefl y consider below some of the i
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ment. Consequently, the selective e
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ated from the Antarctic. Strong cur
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the four main genera of brooding sc
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ing such cryptic speciation suggest
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LITERATURE CITED Absher, T. M., G.
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Madon-Senez, C. 1998. Disparité Mo
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Persistent Elevated Abundance of Oc
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ABUNDANCE OF ANTARCTIC OCTOPODS 199
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206 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / WINS
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Considerations of Anatomy, Morpholo
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Many theories have been hypothesize
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FIGURE 4. A three dimensional recon
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are wider and more bulbous in the a
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mimicked the shape and profi le of
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faces for SEM observation. The spec
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DISCUSSION Imaging and dissection o
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out its length. The pulp chamber al
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pulpal neurons and dentin tubules.
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Scientifi c Diving Under Ice: A 40-
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TABLE 2. Principal Investigators an
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attaching ice anchors to the chunks
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dumping of weight under water. The
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MARINE LIFE HAZARDS Few polar anima
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Urine should be copious and clear a
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Environmental and Molecular Mechani
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face (�1.8°C) are likely to pose
Page 274 and 275: FIGURE 2. Illustrated selection shi
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Page 280: Meehan, R. R., D. S. Dunican, A. Ru
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Page 289 and 290: 272 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / DUNT
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Page 327 and 328: 310 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / SMIT
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Page 352 and 353: Capital Expenditure and Income (For
Page 354 and 355: tal breeding systems (Boyd, 1998; T
Page 356 and 357: FIGURE 3. Pup mass gain in relation
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Page 360 and 361: primary productivity in McMurdo Sou
Page 362 and 363: Non-steady-State Systems. Journal o
Page 364 and 365: Latitudinal Patterns of Biological
Page 366 and 367: and perhaps others, may have invade
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Lewis, P. N., M. Riddle, and C. L.
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Cosmology from Antarctica Robert W.
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There they found better observing c
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TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS AT THE S
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Gaier, T., J. Schuster, and P. Lubi
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J. M. Kovac, C. L. Kuo, A. E. Lange
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370 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / MART
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372 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / MART
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374 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / WALK
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Watching Star Birth from the Antarc
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STAR BIRTH FROM THE ANTARCTIC PLATE
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is constructing and deploying the P
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Antarctic Meteorites: Exploring the
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at the Field Museum, and pieces wer
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the description and curation of Ant
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led these committees throughout the
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Index AAUS. See American Academy of
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temperature, 350-355 tourism, 354 B
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Fishing. See also Biological invasi
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McMurdo Station, xiv, 265-267, 393
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Rogick, Mary, 206 Ronne, Finn, 55 R
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U.S. Naval Support Force Antarctica
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